Editing Municipalization (section)

==Alternatives to municipalization==

Collective Private Ownership: This refers to communities coming together to take collective ownership of a utility.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nelson|first=Robert H.|title=Collective Private Ownership of American Housing: A Social Revolution in Local Governance|publisher=University of Maryland, Competitive Enterprise Institute|year=2000|url=https://americandreamcoalition.org/housing/Privateneighborhoods.pdf|page=i}}</ref> One example is the community shares program used in Ellensburg, Washington. In this case electricity customers may buy shares in a solar field which was initially financed through the public utility and in turn receive a proportional rebate applied through their electricity billing.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Hess|first1=DJ|title=Electricity Transformed: Neoliberalism and Local Energy in the United States |journal=Antipode|date=2011|volume=43|issue=4|pages=1056–1077 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00842.x}}</ref> Customers also have the option of selling or giving away their shares to non profits or other customers.

[[Privatization]]: A process by which the for-profit private sector supplants the public sector's provision of goods and/or services. There are a number of methods of privatization including the transfer of ownership from public to private entities, the displacement of public spending by private financing, or private entities assuming management and operational responsibilities of public services.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mercille|first1=Julien|last2=Murphy |first2=Enda|date=May 2017|title=What is privatization? A political economy framework|journal=Environment and Planning A|volume=49|issue=5|pages=1040–1059 |doi=10.1177/0308518X16689085|s2cid=151977394 |issn=0308-518X}}</ref>

[[Nationalization]]: Nationalization is a similar process to municipalization but shifts ownership and operational control towards the government at a national or federal level. There is often an assumed tradeoff between the promised equality under nationalization and the promised efficiency of privatization.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chang|first1=Roberto|last2=Hevia|first2=Constantino|last3=Loayza|first3=Norman |title=Privatization and Nationalization Cycles|journal=Rutgers and the World Bank|date=July 2009}}</ref>