Editing Opera in German (section)

==Wagner==
[[File:Georg Kugler Hagen bei den drei Rheintöchtern.jpg|thumb|Hagen and three [[Rhinemaidens]] in {{lang|de|[[Götterdämmerung]]}} ({{lang|de|[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]}})]]
[[Richard Wagner]] was one of the most revolutionary and controversial composers in musical history and his innovations changed the course of opera, not just in Germany and Austria but throughout Europe. Wagner gradually evolved a new concept of opera as a {{lang|de|[[Gesamtkunstwerk]]}} (a "complete work of art"), a fusion of music, poetry and painting. His earliest experiments followed the examples set by [[Carl Maria von Weber|Weber]] ({{lang|de|[[Die Feen]]}}) and Meyerbeer ({{lang|de|[[Rienzi]]}}), but his most important formative influence was probably the [[symphony|symphonic]] music of [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]. Wagner believed his career truly began with {{lang|de|[[Der fliegende Holländer]]}} (1843). Together with the two works which followed, {{lang|de|[[Tannhäuser (opera)|Tannhäuser]]}} and {{lang|de|[[Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin]]}}, this has been described as the "zenith of German Romantic opera".{{sfn|Parker|1994|p=220}} Yet these were merely a prelude to even more radical developments. In his mature dramas, {{lang|de|[[Tristan und Isolde]]}}, {{lang|de|[[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg]]}}, {{lang|de|[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]}} and {{lang|de|[[Parsifal]]}}, Wagner abolished the distinction between [[aria]] and [[recitative]] in favour of a seamless flow of "[[endless melody]]". He greatly increased the role and power of the orchestra, creating scores with a complex web of [[leitmotif]]s; and he was prepared to violate accepted musical conventions, such as [[tonality]], in his quest for greater expressivity. Wagner also brought a new philosophical dimension to opera in his works, which were usually based on stories from [[Germanic mythology|Germanic]] or [[Arthurian]] legend. Finally, Wagner built his own opera house at [[Bayreuth]], exclusively dedicated to performing his own works in the style he wanted.{{sfn|Parker|1994|loc="Wagner" by Barry Millington}}{{sfn|Holden|1993|loc=Article on Wagner by [[John Deathridge]]}}