Editing Prostate (section)

===Prostate enlargement===
{{Main|Benign prostatic hyperplasia}}

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An enlarged prostate is called prostatomegaly, with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) being the most common cause. BPH refers to an enlargement of the prostate due to an increase in the number of cells that make up the prostate ({{wt|en|hyperplasia}}) from a cause that is not a malignancy. It is very common in older men.{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=437–9}} It is often diagnosed when the prostate has enlarged to the point where urination becomes difficult. Symptoms include needing to urinate often ([[urinary frequency]]) or taking a while to get started ([[urinary hesitancy]]). If the prostate grows too large, it may constrict the urethra and impede the flow of urine, making urination painful and difficult, or in extreme cases completely impossible, causing [[urinary retention]].{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=437–9}} Over time, chronic retention may cause the bladder to become larger and cause a backflow of urine into the kidneys ([[hydronephrosis]]).{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=437–9}}

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BPH can be treated with medication, a [[minimally invasive procedure]] or, in extreme cases, surgery that removes the prostate. In general, treatment often begins with an [[alpha-1 adrenergic receptor]] [[receptor antagonist|antagonist]] medication such as [[tamsulosin]], which reduces the tone of the [[smooth muscle]] found in the [[urethra]] that passes through the prostate, making it easier for urine to pass through.{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=437–9}} For people with persistent symptoms, procedures may be considered. The surgery most often used in such cases is [[transurethral resection of the prostate]],{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=437–9}} in which an instrument is inserted through the urethra to remove prostate tissue that is pressing against the upper part of the urethra and restricting the flow of [[urine]]. Minimally invasive procedures include [[transurethral needle ablation of the prostate]] and [[transurethral microwave thermotherapy]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Christensen |first1=TL |last2=Andriole |first2=GL |date=February 2009 |title=Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Current Treatment Strategies |url=http://www.consultantlive.com/display/article/10162/1376744 |journal=Consultant |volume=49 |issue=2}}</ref> These outpatient procedures may be followed by the insertion of a temporary [[prostatic stent|stent]], to allow normal voluntary urination, without exacerbating irritative symptoms.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dineen MK, Shore ND, Lumerman JH, Saslawsky MJ, Corica AP |year=2008 |title=Use of a Temporary Prostatic Stent After Transurethral Microwave Thermotherapy Reduced Voiding Symptoms and Bother Without Exacerbating Irritative Symptoms |journal=J. Urol. |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=873–877 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2007.12.015 |pmid=18374395}}</ref>