Editing Proverb (section)

===In drama and film===
[[File:Dog in manger poster.jpg|thumb|Play poster from 1899.]]
Similarly to other forms of literature, proverbs have also been used as important units of language in drama and films. This is true from the days of classical Greek works<ref>Russo, Joseph. 1983. The Poetics of the Ancient Greek Proverb. ''Journal of Folklore Research''
Vol. 20, No. 2/3, pp. 121–130</ref> to [[old French]]<ref>Wandelt, Oswin. 1887. Sprichwörter und Sentenzen des altfranzösischen Dramas (1100–1400. Dissertation at Marburg Fr. Sömmering.</ref> to Shakespeare,<ref>Wilson, F.P. 1981. The proverbial wisdom of Shakespeare. In ''The Wisdom of Many: Essays on the Proverb'', ed. by Wolfgang Mieder and Alan Dundes, pp. 174–189. New York: Garland.</ref> to 19th Century Spanish,<ref>Françoise Cazal. 2012. Los refranes en el Auto de Caín y Abel, de Jaime Ferruz: frontera entre texto dramático y enunciado proverbial. ''Paremia'' 21: 21–32.[http://www.paremia.org/wp-content/uploads/02-CAZAL.pdf Electronic form] {{Webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140502001353/http://www.paremia.org/wp-content/uploads/02-CAZAL.pdf |date=2014-05-02}}</ref> 19th century Russian,<ref>Grylack, B. R. (1975). The function of proverbs in the dramatic works of [[Alexander Ostrovsky|Aleksandr Nikolaevic Ostrovskij]]. New York University doctoral dissertation.</ref> to today. The use of proverbs in drama and film today is still found in languages around the world, with plenty of examples from Africa,<ref>Adeoti, Gbemisola. "The loudness of the “Unsaid”: Proverbs in selected African drama." ''Legon Journal of the Humanities'' 30, no. 1 (2019): 82–104.</ref> including [[Yoruba language|Yorùbá]]<ref>Akíntúndé Akínyemi. 2007. The use of Yorùbá proverbs in Alin Isola's historical drama ''Madam Tinubu: Terror in Lagos''. ''Proverbium'' 24:17–37.</ref><ref>Yusuf, Habibat Fayoke, and Tayo Lamidi. "Translation Strategies of Proverbs in Selected Yoruba Nollywood Epic Movies." ''Ibadan Journal of Humanistic Studies'' 28, no. 1 (2018): 155–171.</ref> and [[Igbo language|Igbo]]<ref>Ezenwamadu, Nkechi Judith. "The Use of Proverbs i [[Zulu Sofola]]'s King Emene." ''Online Journal of Arts, Management & Social Sciences'' 2, no. 1 (2017).</ref><ref>Ezenwamadu, Nkechi Judith, and Chinyere Theodora Ojiakor. "Proverbs and Postproverbial Stance in Selected Plays of Emeka Nwabueze and Zulu Sofola." ''Matatu'' 51, no. 2 (2020): 432–447.</ref> of Nigeria.

A film that makes rich use of proverbs is ''[[Forrest Gump]]'', known for both using and creating proverbs.<ref>Stephen David Winick. 1998. "The proverb process: Intertextuality and proverbial innovation in popular culture". University of Pennsylvania dissertation.</ref><ref>Stephen David Winick. 2013. Proverb is as proverb does. ''Proverbium''30:377–428.</ref> Other studies of the use of proverbs in film include work by Kevin McKenna on the Russian film ''[[Aleksandr Nevsky]]'',<ref>Kevin McKenna. 2009. "Proverbs and the Folk Tale in the Russian Cinema: The Case of Sergei Eisenstein's Film Classic Aleksandr Nevsky." ''The Proverbial «Pied Piper» A Festschrift Volume of Essays in Honor of Wolfgang Mieder on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday'', ed. by Kevin McKenna, pp. 277–292. New York, Bern: Peter Lang.</ref> Haase's study of an adaptation of [[Little Red Riding Hood]],<ref>Donald Haase. 1990. Is seeing believing? Proverbs and the adaptation of a fairy tale. ''Proverbium'' 7: 89–104.</ref>  Elias Dominguez Barajas on the film ''[[Viva Zapata!]]'',<ref>Elias Dominguez Baraja. 2010. ''The function of proverbs in discourse'', p. 66, 67. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.</ref> and Aboneh Ashagrie on ''[[The Athlete (2009 film)|The Athlete]]'' (a movie in Amharic about [[Abebe Bikila]]).<ref>Aboneh Ashagrie. 2013. The Athlete: a movie about the Ethiopian barefooted Olympic champion. ''Journal of African Cultural Studies'' Vol. 25, No. 1, 119–121.</ref>

Television programs have also been named with reference to proverbs, usually shortened, such [[Birds of a Feather (TV series)|Birds of a Feather]] and [[Diff'rent Strokes]].

In the case of ''[[Forrest Gump]]'', the screenplay by [[Eric Roth]] had more proverbs than the novel by [[Winston Groom]], but for ''[[The Harder They Come]]'', the reverse is true, where the novel derived from the movie by [[Michael Thelwell]] has many more proverbs than the movie.<ref>Coteus, Stephen. 2011. "Trouble never sets like rain": Proverb (in)direction in Michael Thelwell's ''The Harder They Come''. ''Proverbium'' 28:1–30.</ref>

[[Éric Rohmer]], the French film director, directed a series of films, the "Comedies and Proverbs", where each film was based on a proverb: ''[[The Aviator's Wife]]'', ''[[Le Beau mariage|The Perfect Marriage]]'', ''[[Pauline at the Beach]]'', ''[[Full Moon in Paris]]'' (the film's proverb was invented by Rohmer himself: "The one who has two wives loses his soul, the one who has two houses loses his mind."), ''[[The Green Ray]]'', ''[[Boyfriends and Girlfriends]]''.<ref>Pym, John. 1986/1987. Silly Girls. ''Sight and Sound'' 56.1:45–48.</ref>

Movie titles based on proverbs include ''[[Murder Will Out (1939 film)]]'', ''Try, Try Again'', and ''[[The Harder They Fall (1956 film)|The Harder They Fall]]''. A twisted anti-proverb was the title for a [[Three Stooges]] film, ''[[A Bird in the Head]]''. The title of an award-winning Turkish film, [[Three Monkeys (film)|Three Monkeys]], also invokes a proverb, though the title does not fully quote it.

They have also been used as the titles of plays:<ref>Bryan, George. 2002. Proverbial titles of dramas. ''Proverbium'' 19:65–74.</ref> ''[[Don't throw the baby out with the bathwater|Baby with the Bathwater]]'' by [[Christopher Durang]], ''Dog Eat Dog'' by [[Mary Gallagher]], and ''[[The Dog in the Manger]]'' by [[Charles Hale Hoyt]]. The use of proverbs as titles for plays is not, of course, limited to English plays: ''Il faut qu'une porte soit ouverte ou fermée'' (A door must be open or closed) by [[Paul de Musset]]. Proverbs have also been used in musical dramas, such as ''The Full Monty'', which has been shown to use proverbs in clever ways.<ref>Konstantinova, Anna. 2012. Proverbs in an American musical: A cognitive-discursive study of "The Full Monty". ''Proverbium'' 29:67–93.</ref> In the lyrics for ''[[Beauty and the Beast]]'', Gaston plays with three proverbs in sequence, "All roads lead to.../The best things in life are.../All's well that ends with...me."