Editing Reperfusion injury (section)

==Reperfusion protection in obligate hibernators==
[[Hibernation|Obligatory hibernators]] such as the [[ground squirrel]]s show resistance to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in liver, heart, and small intestine during the hibernation season when there is a switch from [[carbohydrate metabolism]] to [[lipid metabolism]] for cellular energy supply.<ref name="lipid cycles">{{cite journal|last=Dark|first=J|title=Annual lipid cycles in hibernators: integration of physiology and behavior.|journal=Annual Review of Nutrition|year=2005|volume=25|pages=469–97|pmid=16011475|doi=10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092514}}</ref><ref name="ground squirrels">{{cite journal|last=Andrews|first=MT|title=Advances in molecular biology of hibernation in mammals.|journal=BioEssays |date=May 2007|volume=29|issue=5|pages=431–40|pmid=17450592|doi=10.1002/bies.20560|s2cid=22894246 }}</ref><ref name="squirrel hibernation">{{cite journal |last1=Kurtz |first1=Courtney C. |last2=Lindell |first2=Susanne L. |last3=Mangino |first3=Martin J. |last4=Carey |first4=Hannah V. |title=Hibernation confers resistance to intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology |date=November 2006 |volume=291 |issue=5 |pages=G895–G901 |doi=10.1152/ajpgi.00155.2006 |pmid=16751173 }}</ref> This metabolic switch limits [[anaerobic metabolism]] and the formation of [[Lactic acid|lactate]], a herald of poor prognosis and [[multi-organ failure]] (MOF) after I/R injury. In addition, the increase in lipid metabolism generates [[ketone bodies]] and activates [[PPAR|peroxisome proliferating-activated receptors]] (PPARs), both of which have been shown to be protective against I/R injury.<ref name="ppar and hemorrhage">{{cite journal |last1=Zingarelli |first1=Basilia |last2=Hake |first2=Paul W. |last3=O’Connor |first3=Michael |last4=Burroughs |first4=Timothy J. |last5=Wong |first5=Hector R. |last6=Solomkin |first6=Joseph S. |last7=Lentsch |first7=Alex B. |title=Lung injury after hemorrhage is age dependent: Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ |journal=Critical Care Medicine |date=June 2009 |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1978–1987 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819feb4d |pmid=19384226 |pmc=2765201 }}</ref>