Editing Rogue wave (section)

== Reported encounters ==
{{Main|List of rogue waves}}
Many of these encounters are reported only in the media, and are not examples of open-ocean rogue waves. Often, in popular culture, an endangering huge wave is loosely denoted as a "rogue wave", while the case has not been established that the reported event is a rogue wave in the scientific sense&nbsp;– ''i.e.'' of a very different nature in characteristics as the surrounding waves in that sea state] and with a very low probability of occurrence.

This section lists a limited selection of notable incidents.

===19th century===
* [[Eagle Island lighthouse]] (1861)&nbsp;– Water broke the glass of the structure's east tower and flooded it, implying a wave that surmounted the {{convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} cliff and overwhelmed the {{convert|26|m|ft|abbr=on}} tower.<ref>{{cite web
 | url        = http://www.commissionersofirishlights.com/cil/aids-to-navigation/lighthouses/eagle-island.aspx
 | title      = Eagle Island Lighthouse
 | publisher  = Commissioners of Irish Lights
 | access-date = 28 October 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Flannan Isles Lighthouse]] (1900)&nbsp;– Three lighthouse keepers vanished after a storm that resulted in wave-damaged equipment being found {{Convert|34|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name=Smith>{{Haswell-Smith| 329–31}}</ref><ref>Munro, R.W. (1979) ''Scottish Lighthouses''. Stornoway. Thule Press. {{ISBN|0-906191-32-7}}. Munro (1979) pages 170–1</ref>

===20th century===
* [[SS Kronprinz Wilhelm|SS ''Kronprinz Wilhelm'']], September 18, 1901&nbsp;– The most modern German ocean liner of its time (winner of the [[Blue Riband]]) was damaged on its maiden voyage from Cherbourg to New York by a huge wave. The wave struck the ship head-on.<ref>''[[The New York Times]]'', September 26, 1901, p. 16</ref>
* [[RMS Lusitania|RMS ''Lusitania'']] (1910)&nbsp;– On the night of 10 January 1910, a {{convert|75|ft|m|adj=on|order=flip|abbr=on}} wave struck the ship over the bow, damaging the forecastle deck and smashing the bridge windows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freaquewaves.blogspot.com/2009/12/encounter-of-rms-lusitania.html|title=Freaque Waves: The encounter of RMS Lusitania|last=Freaquewaves|date=17 December 2009|website=freaquewaves.blogspot.com|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Voyage of the James Caird|Voyage of the ''James Caird'']] (1916)&nbsp;– [[Sir Ernest Shackleton]] encountered a wave he termed "gigantic" while piloting a lifeboat from [[Elephant Island]] to [[South Georgia]].<ref name="Müller, et al.">{{Cite web| url=http://www.tos.org/oceanography/issues/issue_archive/issue_pdfs/18_3/18.3_muller_et_al.pdf | title=Rogue Waves - The fourteenth ‘aha huliko’a Hawaiian winter workshop | access-date=2010-01-10 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106002536/http://www.tos.org/oceanography/issues/issue_archive/issue_pdfs/18_3/18.3_muller_et_al.pdf | archive-date=2009-01-06}}, Müller, et al., "Rogue Waves," 2005</ref>
* [[USS Tennessee (ACR-10)|USS ''Memphis'']], August 29, 1916&nbsp;– An [[armored cruiser]], formerly known as the USS ''Tennessee'', wrecked while stationed in the harbor of [[Santo Domingo]], with 43 men killed or lost, by a succession of three waves, the largest estimated at 70 feet.<ref>Smith, Craig B., ''Extreme Waves'', pp.67-70 (Washington, D.C.: [[Joseph Henry Press]], 2006) {{ISBN|0-309-10062-3}}.</ref>
* [[RMS Homeric (1913)|RMS ''Homeric'']] (1924)&nbsp;– Hit by a {{convert|80|ft|adj=on|order=flip|abbr=on}} wave while sailing through a hurricane off the East Coast of the United States, injuring seven people, smashing numerous windows and portholes, carrying away one of the lifeboats, and snapping chairs and other fittings from their fastenings.<ref name="Kerbrech">{{cite book|last1=Kerbrech|first1=Richard De|title=Ships of the White Star Line|date=2009|publisher=Ian Allan Publishing|page=190|isbn=978-0-7110-3366-5}}</ref>
* [[USS Ramapo (AO-12)|USS ''Ramapo'']] (1933) – Triangulated at {{convert|112|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref name="broad">[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/science/11wave.html?8dpc Rogue Giants at Sea], Broad, William J, ''[[New York Times]]'', July 11, 2006</ref>
* {{RMS|Queen Mary}} (1942) – [[wikt:broadside|Broadsided]] by a {{convert|92|ft|m|adj=on|order=flip|abbr=on}} wave and listed briefly about 52° before slowly righting.<ref name="Parker2012"/>
* [[Michelangelo (ship)|SS ''Michelangelo'']] (1966) – Hole torn in superstructure, heavy glass was smashed by the wave {{convert|80|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} above the waterline, and three deaths.<ref name="broad"/>
* {{SS|Edmund Fitzgerald}} (1975) – Lost on [[Lake Superior]], a Coast Guard report blamed water entry to the hatches, which gradually filled the hold, or errors in navigation or charting causing damage from running onto [[shoal]]s. However, another nearby ship, the {{SS|Arthur M. Anderson}}, was hit at a similar time by two rogue waves and possibly a third, and this appeared to coincide with the sinking around 10 minutes later.<ref name="Wolff"/>
* {{MS|München}} (1978) – Lost at sea, leaving only scattered wreckage and signs of sudden damage including extreme forces {{convert|66|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} above the water line. Although more than one wave was probably involved, this remains the most likely sinking due to a freak wave.<ref name="BBCFreak"/>
* [[Esso Languedoc]] (1980) – A {{convert|25|to|30|m|ft|adj=on|-1|abbr=on}} wave washed across the deck from the stern of the French [[supertanker]] near [[Durban]], South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ship-sinking monster waves revealed by ESA satellites |url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Ship-sinking_monster_waves_revealed_by_ESA_satellites |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Kastner|first1=Jeffrey|title=Sea Monsters|url=http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/16/kastner.php|magazine=Cabinet Magazine|access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref>
* [[Fastnet Lighthouse]] – Struck by a {{convert|48|m|ft|adj=on|}} wave in 1985<ref>{{Cite news |title=Light on a lonely rock |url=https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2008/12/18/light-on-a-lonely-rock |access-date=2024-11-12 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>
* Draupner wave ([[North Sea]], 1995) – The first rogue wave confirmed with scientific evidence, it had a maximum height of {{convert|26|m|ft|}}.<ref name="esa.int">{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMOKQL26WD_index_0.html|title=Ship-sinking monster waves revealed by ESA satellites|last=esa|website=esa.int|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>
* ''[[Queen Elizabeth 2]]'' (1995) – Encountered a {{Convert|29|m|ft|adj = on|abbr=on}} wave in the North Atlantic, during [[Hurricane Luis]]. The master said it "came out of the darkness" and "looked like the [[White Cliffs of Dover]]."<ref name="skuld">{{cite web|url=http://www.skuld.com/upload/News%20and%20Publications/Publications/Beacon/Beacon%202005%20185/Freak%20waves.pdf |title=Freak waves |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414151343/http://www.skuld.com/upload/News%20and%20Publications/Publications/Beacon/Beacon%202005%20185/Freak%20waves.pdf |archive-date=2008-04-14 }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.07&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]])}}, ''Beacon'' #185, [[Assuranceforeningen Skuld|Skuld]], June 2005</ref> Newspaper reports at the time described the cruise liner as attempting to "[[surfing|surf]]" the near-vertical wave in order not to be sunk.

===21st century===
* U.S. [[Naval Research Laboratory]] ocean-floor [[pressure sensor]]s detected a freak wave caused by [[Hurricane Ivan]] in the [[Gulf of Mexico]], 2004. The wave was around {{Convert|27.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} high from peak to trough, and around {{Convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="ElReg">{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/08/05/hurricane_prompts_wave_rethink/|title=Hurricane Ivan prompts rogue wave rethink|author=Lucy Sherriff|publisher=[[The Register]]|date=August 5, 2005|accessdate=September 6, 2021}}</ref> Their computer models also indicated that waves may have exceeded {{convert|40|m|ft|}} in the eyewall.<ref name="ivan">{{cite web|url=https://www.nrl.navy.mil/media/news-releases/2005/nrl-measures-record-wave-during-hurricane-ivan|title=NRL Measures Record Wave During Hurricane Ivan – U.S. Naval Research Laboratory|date=February 17, 2005|website=www.nrl.navy.mil|access-date=March 26, 2018|archive-date=November 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101025311/https://www.nrl.navy.mil/media/news-releases/2005/nrl-measures-record-wave-during-hurricane-ivan|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''Aleutian Ballad'', ([[Bering Sea]], 2005) footage of what is identified as an {{convert|60|ft|m|adj=on|order=flip|abbr=on}} wave appears in an episode of ''[[Deadliest Catch]]''. The wave strikes the ship at night and cripples the vessel, causing the boat to tip for a short period onto its side. This is one of the few video recordings of what might be a rogue wave.<ref>[[Deadliest Catch]] Season 2, Episode 4 "Finish Line" Original airdate: April 28, 2006; approximate time into episode: 0:40:00–0:42:00. Edited footage viewable online at [http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/deadliest-catch-tragedy-at-sea.html Discovery.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806051946/http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/deadliest-catch-tragedy-at-sea.html |date=2009-08-06 }}</ref>
* In 2006, researchers from [[U.S. Naval Institute]] theorized rogue waves may be responsible for the unexplained loss of low-flying aircraft, such as U.S. Coast Guard helicopters during [[search-and-rescue]] missions.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.check-six.com/Coast_Guard/Monster_Waves_Reprint-screen.pdf |title=Monster waves threaten rescue helicopters }}&nbsp;{{small|(35.7&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, [[U.S. Naval Institute]], December 15, 2006</ref>
* MS ''[[Louis Majesty]]'' ([[Mediterranean Sea]], March 2010) was struck by three successive {{convert|8|m|adj=on|abbr=on}} waves while crossing the [[Gulf of Lion]] on a [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean cruise]] between [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]] and [[Marseille]]. Two passengers were killed by flying glass when the second and third waves shattered a lounge window. The waves, which struck without warning, were all abnormally high in respect to the [[Swell (ocean)|sea swell]] at the time of the incident.<ref>{{cite news
 | url       = http://www.lavanguardia.es/sucesos/noticias/20100303/53896565674/dos-muertos-y-16-heridos-por-una-ola-gigante-en-un-crucero-con-destino-a-cartagena.html
 | title       = Dos muertos y 16 heridos por una ola gigante en un crucero con destino a Cartagena
 | newspaper       = La Vanguardia
 | date       = 3 March 2010
 | access-date       = 4 March 2010
 | archive-date       = 6 March 2010
 | archive-url       = https://web.archive.org/web/20100306063537/http://www.lavanguardia.es/sucesos/noticias/20100303/53896565674/dos-muertos-y-16-heridos-por-una-ola-gigante-en-un-crucero-con-destino-a-cartagena.html
 | url-status       = dead
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news
 |url          = https://www.foxnews.com/story/giant-rogue-wave-slams-into-ship-off-french-coast-killing-2
 |title        = Giant rogue wave slams into ship off French coast, killing 2
 |work    = [[Fox News]]
 |date         = 3 March 2010
 |access-date  = 2010-03-04
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100306155220/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,587885,00.html
 |archive-date = 2010-03-06
 |url-status     = live
}}</ref>
* In 2011, the [[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society|Sea Shepherd]] vessel ''[[MV Brigitte Bardot]]''{{Spaces}}was damaged by a rogue wave of 11&nbsp;m (36.1&nbsp;ft) while [[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society operations#Operation Divine Wind (2011–2012)|pursuing the Japanese whaling fleet]] off the western coast of Australia on 28 December 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewest.com.au/news/wa/brigitte-bardot-finally-back-in-port-ng-ya-336845|title=Brigitte Bardot finally back in port|work=Jane Hammond|publisher=[[The West Australian]]|date=5 January 2012|accessdate=30 January 2012}}</ref> The MV ''Brigitte Bardot'' was escorted back to [[Fremantle, Western Australia|Fremantle]] by the SSCS flagship, [[MV Steve Irwin|MV ''Steve Irwin'']]. The main hull was cracked, and the port side [[Pontoon (boat)|pontoon]] was being held together by straps. The vessel arrived at Fremantle Harbor on 5 January 2012. Both ships were followed by the [[Institute of Cetacean Research|ICR]] security vessel [[MV Shōnan Maru 2|MV ''Shōnan Maru 2'']] at a distance of 5 nautical miles (9&nbsp;km).<ref>[[Jiji Press]], "Sea Shepherd scouting vessel badly damaged", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 30 December 2011, p. 2.</ref>
* In 2019, [[Hurricane Dorian]]'s [[extratropical cyclone|extratropical remnant]] generated a {{convert|100|ft|m|order=flip|adj=on|abbr=on}} rogue wave off the coast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]].<ref name="100 foot rogue wave">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/09/09/hurricane-dorian-likely-whipped-up-foot-rogue-wave-near-newfoundland/|title=Hurricane Dorian probably whipped up a 100-foot rogue wave near Newfoundland|author=Matthew Cappucci|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=September 9, 2019|access-date=September 10, 2019}}</ref>
* In 2022, the [[Viking Cruises|Viking]] cruise ship ''[[Viking Octantis|Viking Polaris]]'' was hit by a rogue wave on its way to [[Ushuaia]], Argentina. One person died, four more were injured, and the ship's scheduled route to [[Antarctica]] was canceled.<ref name="viking cruise incident">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2022/12/02/rogue-wave-death-antartica-viking-cruise/10816288002/|title=Giant 'rogue wave' hits Antarctica-bound cruise ship, leaving one dead and four injured|author=Wyatte Grantham-Philips|newspaper=USA Today|date=December 2, 2022|access-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref>