Editing Romanian language (section)

=== Legal status ===
==== In Romania ====
According to the [[Constitution of Romania]] of 1991, as revised in 2003, Romanian is the official language of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Romania |url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1 |access-date=23 May 2010 |publisher=Cdep.ro |archive-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907004110/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Romania mandates the use of Romanian in official government publications, public education and legal contracts. Advertisements as well as other public messages must bear a translation of foreign words,<ref>Legea "[[George Pruteanu|Pruteanu]]": [http://www.cdep.ro/proiecte/2001/500/80/5/leg_pl585_01.pdf 500/2004 – Law on the Protection of the Romanian Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112160042/http://www.cdep.ro/proiecte/2001/500/80/5/leg_pl585_01.pdf |date=12 November 2011 }}</ref> while trade signs and logos shall be written predominantly in Romanian.<ref>Art. 27 (3), Legea nr. 26/1990 privind Registrul Comerțului</ref>

The Romanian Language Institute (Institutul Limbii Române), established by the Ministry of Education of Romania, promotes Romanian and supports people willing to study the language, working together with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' Department for Romanians Abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Education of Romania |url=http://www.edu.ro/index.php/articles/c262/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629192930/http://www.edu.ro/index.php/articles/c262/ |archive-date=29 June 2006 |access-date=19 April 2006 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Since 2013, the [[Romanian Language Day]] is celebrated on every [[31 August]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2020 |title=31 august – Ziua Limbii Române |language=ro |work=[[Agerpres]] |url=https://www.agerpres.ro/documentare/2020/08/31/31-august-ziua-limbii-romane--563779 |access-date=26 November 2020 |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025003653/https://www.agerpres.ro/documentare/2020/08/31/31-august-ziua-limbii-romane--563779 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=31 August 2020 |title=De ce este sărbătorită Ziua Limbii Române la 31 august |language=ro |work=Historia |url=https://www.historia.ro/sectiune/general/articol/de-ce-este-sarbatorita-ziua-limbii-romane-la-31-august |access-date=26 November 2020 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083523/https://www.historia.ro/sectiune/general/articol/de-ce-este-sarbatorita-ziua-limbii-romane-la-31-august |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== In Moldova ====
{{Main|Moldovan language}}
Romanian is the official language of the Republic of Moldova. The 1991 [[Moldovan Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] named the official language Romanian,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declarația de independența a Republicii Moldova, Moldova Suverană |url=http://www.moldova-suverana.md/index.php?start_from=&ucat=7&subaction=showfull&id=1156426235&archive=1156767681& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205095219/http://www.moldova-suverana.md/index.php?start_from=&ucat=7&subaction=showfull&id=1156426235&archive=1156767681& |archive-date=5 February 2008 |access-date=9 October 2013 |publisher=Moldova-suverana.md |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Field Guide to the Main Languages of Europe – Spot that language and how to tell them apart |url=http://ec.europa.eu/translation/language_aids/recognition/field_guide_main_languages_of_europe_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224120109/http://ec.europa.eu/translation/language_aids/recognition/field_guide_main_languages_of_europe_en.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2007 |access-date=9 October 2013 |publisher=European Commission |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the [[Constitution of Moldova]] as originally adopted in 1994 named the state language of the country [[Moldovan language|Moldovan]]. In December 2013, a decision of the [[Constitutional Court of Moldova]] ruled that the Declaration of Independence took precedence over the Constitution and the state language should be called Romanian.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-25 |title=Moldovan Court Rules Official Language is 'Romanian', Replacing Soviet-Flavored 'Moldovan' |language=en |work=Fox News |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/12/05/moldovan-court-rules-official-language-is-romanian-replacing-soviet-flavored/ |access-date=7 December 2013 |archive-date=9 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209102718/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/12/05/moldovan-court-rules-official-language-is-romanian-replacing-soviet-flavored |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2023, the Moldovan parliament passed a law officially adopting the designation "Romanian" in all legal instruments, implementing the 2013 court decision.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Moldovan president promulgates law replacing name of state language in country's constitution with 'Romanian' |url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/88948/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=Interfax |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406205842/https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/88948/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Scholars agree that Moldovan and Romanian are the same language, with the [[-onym|glottonym]] "Moldovan" used in certain political contexts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marian Lupu: Româna și moldoveneasca sunt aceeași limbă |url=http://www.realitatea.net/marian-lupu--romana-si-moldoveneasca-sunt-aceeasi-limba_288666.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511204743/http://www.realitatea.net/marian-lupu--romana-si-moldoveneasca-sunt-aceeasi-limba_288666.html |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=7 October 2009 |publisher=Realitatea .NET |df=dmy-all}}</ref> It has been the sole official language since the adoption of the Law on State Language of the [[Moldavian SSR]] in 1989.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |title=Dictionary of Languages |date=1998 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=07-4753-117-X |page=518 |author-link=Andrew Dalby}}</ref> This law mandates the use of Moldovan in all the political, economic, cultural and social spheres, as well as asserting the existence of a "linguistic Moldo-Romanian identity".<ref>[http://www.iatp.md/ladom/downloads/M3.doc Legea cu privire la functionarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldovenesti Nr.3465-XI din 01.09.89 Vestile nr.9/217, 1989] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219024839/http://www.iatp.md/ladom/downloads/M3.doc |date=19 February 2006 }} (Law regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova): "Moldavian RSS supports the desire of the Moldavian that live across the borders of the Republic, and – considering the existing Moldo-Romanian linguistic identity – of the Romanians that live on the territory of the USSR, of doing their studies and satisfying their cultural needs in their maternal language."</ref> It is also used in schools, mass media, education and in the colloquial speech and writing. Outside the political arena the language is most often called "Romanian". In the breakaway territory of Transnistria, it is co-official with [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and Russian.

In the [[2014 Moldovan Census|2014 census]], out of the 2,804,801 people living in Moldova, 24% (652,394) stated Romanian as their most common language, whereas 56% stated Moldovan. While in the urban centers speakers are split evenly between the two names (with the capital [[Chișinău]] showing a strong preference for the name "Romanian", i.e. 3:2), in the countryside hardly a quarter of Romanian/Moldovan speakers indicated Romanian as their native language.<ref>National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova: [http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=ro&idc=479 Census 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030171529/http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=ro&idc=479 |date=30 October 2017 }}</ref> Unofficial results of this census first showed a stronger preference for the name Romanian, however the initial reports were later dismissed by the Institute for Statistics, which led to speculations in the media regarding the forgery of the census results.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-03-29 |title=Biroul Național de Statistică, acuzat că a falsificat rezultatele recensământului |language=ro |work=Independent |url=https://independent.md/biroul-national-de-statistica-acuzat-ca-falsificat-rezultatele-recensamantului/ |access-date=2022-02-27 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227183027/https://independent.md/biroul-national-de-statistica-acuzat-ca-falsificat-rezultatele-recensamantului/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== In Serbia ====
{{Main|Romanian language in Serbia}}

===== Vojvodina =====
[[File:Vojvodina romanian map.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Official usage of Romanian language in [[Vojvodina]], Serbia]]
[[File:Romanian and Vlach language in Serbia.png|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Romanian language in entire Serbia (see also [[Romanians in Serbia]]), census 2002
{| style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="vertical-align:top" |
{{legend|#DFB5F7|1–5%}}
{{legend|#D094EE|5–10%}}
{{legend|#B366FF|10–15%}}
| style="vertical-align:top" |
{{legend|#903CC4|15–25%}}
{{legend|#6B0194|25–35%}}
{{legend|#490165|over 35%}}
|}]]
The [[Constitution of the Republic of Serbia]] determines that in the regions of the Republic of Serbia inhabited by national minorities, their own languages and scripts shall be officially used as well, in the manner established by law.<ref>Official Gazette of Republic of Serbia, No.1/90</ref>

The Statute of the Autonomous Province of [[Vojvodina]] determines that, together with the [[Serbian language]] and the Cyrillic script, and the Latin script as stipulated by the law, the [[Croatian language|Croat]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], Romanian and [[Rusyn language]]s and their scripts, as well as languages and scripts of other nationalities, shall simultaneously be officially used in the work of the bodies of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, in the manner established by the law.<ref>Article 24, [http://www.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/Strana.aspx?s=statut&j=EN "The Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019112141/http://www.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/Strana.aspx?s=statut&j=EN |date=19 October 2017 }}, published in the ''Official Gazette of AP Vojvodina'' No.20/2014</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Use of Languages and Scripts in the AP Vojvodina |url=http://www.puma.vojvodina.gov.rs/etext.php?ID_mat=207%3Flang%3D7 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=Provincial Secretariat for Education, Regulations, Administration and National Minorities – National Communities |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227183017/http://www.puma.vojvodina.gov.rs/etext.php?ID_mat=207%3Flang%3D7 |url-status=live }}</ref> The bodies of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina are: the Assembly, the Executive Council and the provincial administrative bodies.

The Romanian language and script are officially used in eight municipalities: [[Alibunar]], [[Bela Crkva, Banat|Bela Crkva]] (''Biserica Albă''), [[Žitište]] (''Sângeorgiu de Bega''), [[Zrenjanin]] (''Becicherecu Mare''), [[Kovačica]] (''Covăcița''), [[Kovin]] (''Cuvin''), [[Plandište]] (''Plandiște'') and [[Sečanj]] (''Seceani''). In the municipality of [[Vršac]] (''Vârșeț''), Romanian is official only in the villages of [[Vojvodinci]] (''Voivodinț''), [[Markovac (Vršac)|Markovac]] (''Marcovăț''), [[Straža, Vršac|Straža]] (''Straja''), [[Mali Žam]] (''Jamu Mic''), [[Malo Središte]] (''Srediștea Mică''), [[Mesić (Vršac)|Mesić]] (''Mesici''), [[Jablanka]] (''Iablanca''), [[Sočica]] (''Sălcița''), [[Ritiševo]] (''Râtișor''), [[Orešac (Vršac)|Orešac]] (''Oreșaț'') and [[Kuštilj]] (''Coștei'').<ref>Provincial Secretariat for Regulations, Administration and National Minorities: [http://www.puma.vojvodina.gov.rs/dokumenti/sljezik.xls "Official use of the Romanian language in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (APV)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111201426/http://www.puma.vojvodina.gov.rs/dokumenti/sljezik.xls |date=11 November 2011 }}</ref>

In the 2002 Census, the last carried out in Serbia, 1.5% of Vojvodinians stated Romanian as their native language.

===== Timok Valley =====
The [[Vlachs of Serbia]] are considered to speak Romanian as well.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sorescu-Marinković |first1=Annemarie |title=Pluricentric Languages and Non-Dominant Varieties Worldwide: New Pluricentric Languages – Old Problems |last2=Huțanu |first2=Monica |date=2018 |publisher=Peter Lang Verlag |editor-last=Muhr |editor-first=Rudolf |location=Frankfurt |pages=233–246 |chapter=Non-Dominant Varieties of Romanian in Serbia: Between Pluricentricity and Division |hdl=21.15107/rcub_dais_5795 |editor-last2=Meisnitzer |editor-first2=Benjamin |chapter-url=https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/123456789/5795 |via=DAIS – Digital Archive of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

==== Regional language status in Ukraine ====
In parts of Ukraine where [[Romanians in Ukraine|Romanians]] constitute a significant share of the local population (districts in [[Chernivtsi Oblast|Chernivtsi]], [[Odesa Oblast|Odesa]] and [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Zakarpattia]] [[oblast]]s) Romanian is taught in schools as a primary language and there are Romanian-language newspapers, TV, and radio broadcasting.<ref>
* {{Cite web |title=Регіональний портрет України. 2003 р. Чернівецька область |publisher=Ukrainian Center for Independent Political Research |url=http://www.ucipr.kiev.ua/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=3384&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930202020/http://www.ucipr.kiev.ua/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=3384&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=2006-01-23 |df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ucipr.kiev.ua/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=3377&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2006-01-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427132707/http://www.ucipr.kiev.ua/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=3377&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 |archive-date=27 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Internetový časopis človek a spoločnosť |url=http://www.clovekaspolocnost.sk/sk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514084325/http://www.saske.sk/cas/1-2000/gulpa-petrisce.html |archive-date=14 May 2009 |website=www.clovekaspolocnost.sk}}</ref>
The [[University of Chernivtsi]] in western Ukraine trains teachers for Romanian schools in the fields of Romanian philology, mathematics and physics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kramar Andriy |title=University of Chernivtsi |url=http://www.chnu.cv.ua/index.php?page=ua/gradinf/rules/02bac_d |access-date=23 May 2010 |publisher=Chnu.cv.ua |archive-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723195813/http://www.chnu.cv.ua/index.php?page=ua/gradinf/rules/02bac_d |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[Hertsa Raion]] of Ukraine as well as in other villages of [[Chernivtsi Oblast]] and [[Zakarpattia Oblast]], Romanian has been declared a "regional language" alongside Ukrainian as per the 2012 [[legislation on languages in Ukraine]].

==== In other countries and organizations ====
{{See also|Romanian diaspora}}

Romanian is an official or administrative language in various communities and organisations, such as the [[Latin Union]] and the [[European Union]]. Romanian is also one of the five languages in which religious services are performed in the autonomous monastic state of [[Mount Athos]], spoken in the monastic communities of [[Prodromos (Mount Athos)|Prodromos]] and [[Lakkoskiti]]. In the unrecognised state of [[Transnistria]], Moldovan is one of the official languages. However, unlike all other dialects of Romanian, [[Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet|this variety of Moldovan is written in Cyrillic script]].
[[File:DiagramăLimbaRomână.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Distribution of first-language native Romanian speakers by country. [[Vojvodina|Voivodina]] is an autonomous province of northern [[Serbia]] bordering Romania, while ''Altele'' means "Other"]]