Editing Scientific misconduct (section)

===Consequences for those who expose misconduct===
The potentially severe consequences for individuals who are found to have engaged in misconduct also reflect on the institutions that host or employ them and also on the participants in any peer review process that has allowed the publication of questionable research.  This means that a range of actors in any case may have a motivation to suppress any evidence or suggestion of misconduct.  Persons who expose such cases, commonly called [[whistleblower]]s, find themselves open to retaliation by a number of different means.<ref name="BMJ1995"/> These negative consequences for exposers of misconduct have driven the development of whistle blowers charters – designed to protect those who raise concerns (''for more details refer to [[retaliation (law)]]'').