Editing Shift work (section)

===Scheduling===
{{main|Shift-based hiring}}
[[File:ATG - NPTM Photothon 53.jpg|right|thumb|A clock-based device for recording workers' working hours, from the  beginning of 20 century. Exhibit of the [[National Polytechnical Museum]] in Sofia, Bulgaria]]

Algorithmic scheduling of shift work can lead to what has been colloquially termed as "clopening"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/jobs/news/2015/02/26/the-clopening-shift-may-soon-thing-the-past/GWM5zFB2TIAuBg8iu0Y8bJ/story.html|title=The 'Clopening' Shift May Soon Be a Thing of the Past|work=Boston.com|access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref> where the shift-worker has to work the closing shift of one day and the opening shift of the next day back-to-back resulting in short rest periods between shifts and fatigue. Co-opting employees to fill the shift roster helps to ensure that the human costs<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.workplacestrategiesformentalhealth.com/pdf/Dangerous_Industry_Journal_of_Agricul_Safety_Resource.pdf|title = WSMH}}</ref> are taken into account in a way which is hard for an algorithm to do as it would involve knowing the constraints and considerations of each individual shift worker and assigning a cost metric to each of those factors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ewh.ieee.org/conf/hfpp/presentations/27.pdf|title=IEEE}}</ref> [[Shift based hiring]] which is a recruitment concept that hires people for individual shifts, rather than hiring employees before scheduling them into shifts enables shift workers to indicate their preferences and availability for unfilled shifts through a shift-bidding mechanism. Through this process, the shift hours are evened out by human-driven market mechanism rather than an algorithmic process. This openness can lead to work hours that are tailored to an individual's lifestyle and schedule while ensuring that shifts are optimally filled, in contrast to the generally poor human outcomes of fatigue, stress, estrangement with friends and family and health problems that have been reported with algorithm-based scheduling of work-shifts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/22/business/late-to-bed-early-to-rise-and-working-tired.html|title=In Service Sector, No Rest for the Working |date=22 February 2015|journal=The New York Times|access-date=3 February 2016|last1=Greenhouse |first1=Steven }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/retailwire/2014/08/19/starbucks-clopening-practices-deemed-inexcusable/|title=Starbucks 'Clopening' Practices Deemed Inexcusable|date=19 August 2014|work=Forbes|access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref>

Mental (cognitive) fatigue due to inadequate sleep an/or disturbances of [[circadian rhythms]] is a common contributor to accidents and untoward incidents.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=James C |title=Anatomy of a Fatigue-Related Accident |date=2013 |publisher=Smashwords |isbn=9781310879265 }}</ref> While this risk cannot be eliminated, it can be managed through personal and administrative controls.  This type of management is conducted through a Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS).<ref>{{cite web |title=Fatigue Risk management |url=https://pipelineperformancegroup.com/fatigue-risk-management-system/ |website=Fatigue Risk management}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Control Room Management: Fatigue Mitigation |url=https://pipelineperformancegroup.com/fatigue-risk-management-system/ |publisher=PHMSA}}</ref>  One method used within an FRMS is objective fatigue modeling to predict periods of high risk within a 24-hour shift plan.

Missing income is also a large part of shift worker. Several companies run twenty-four-hour shifts. Most of the work is done during the day. When the work dries up, it usually is the second and third shift workers who pay the price. They are told to punch out early or use paid time off if they have any to make up the difference in their paychecks. That practice costs the average worker $92.00 a month.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/07/art1full.pdf|title=Nonstandard work schedules over the life course: A first look.}}</ref>