Editing Small interfering RNA (section)

=== Adaptive immune responses ===
Plain RNAs may be poor immunogens, but antibodies can easily be created against RNA-protein complexes. Many autoimmune diseases see these types of antibodies. There haven't yet been reports of antibodies against siRNA bound to proteins. Some methods for siRNA delivery adjoin polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the oligonucleotide reducing excretion and improving circulating half-life. However recently a large Phase III trial of PEGylated RNA aptamer against factor IX had to be discontinued by Regado Biosciences because of a severe anaphylactic reaction to the PEG part of the RNA. This reaction led to death in some cases and raises significant concerns about siRNA delivery when PEGylated oligonucleotides are involved.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wittrup A, Lieberman J | title = Knocking down disease: a progress report on siRNA therapeutics | journal = Nature Reviews. Genetics | volume = 16 | issue = 9 | pages = 543–52 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26281785 | pmc = 4756474 | doi = 10.1038/nrg3978 }}</ref>