Editing Soddo language (section)

===Verbs===
A Soddo verb may have anywhere from one to four consonants, or may be a compound with ''balo'' "say" (e.g. ''bək'k' balo'' "appear".)  In the former case, they fall into three "[[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]]s" differing in their vowels and in gemination of the imperfect, illustrated for a three-consonant verb:
* ''säbbäro'', imperfect ''yəsäbru'' ("break")
* ''tikkälo'', imperfect ''yətikkəlu''
* ''č'affäro'', imperfect ''yəč'affəru''

Derived stems can be formed in several ways:
* reduplicative: e.g. ''gäddälo'' "kill" > ''gədaddälo''.  This form has a wide variety of meanings, mostly intensifying the verb in some way.
* [[Passive voice|passive]]/reflexive/[[intransitive]] ''tä-'' prefix: e.g. ''käffälo'' "pay" > ''tä-käffälo'' "be paid".  A [[Reciprocal (grammar)|reciprocal]] action can be expressed by this prefix attached to a [[transitive verb]] with the vowel ''a'' after the first radical, or a reduplicative form, e.g. ''tä-gäddäl-mun'' or ''tä-gdaddäl-mun'' "they killed each other".
* [[causative]] or transitive of [[intransitive verb]]s ''a-'': e.g. ''säkkäro'' "be drunk" > ''a-säkkäro'' "get someone drunk"; ''näddädo'' "burn (intr.)" > ''a-näddädo'' "burn (tr.)".
* [[causative]] of transitive or [[Passive voice|passive]] verbs ''at-'' (+ ''-i-''): e.g. ''käddäno'' "cover" > ''at-kiddäno'' "cause to cover" or "cause to be covered".  Added to the ''-a-'' form, it expresses reciprocity and [[adjutative]] (helping): ''atgaddälo'' "cause to kill one other" or help to kill".
* Some verbs are formed with initial ''ən-'' or ''tän-''; the only derived stem from these is the ''a-'' stem, with ''a-'' replacing ''ə-'' or ''tä-''.  E.g. ''ənkrättäto'' "be bent" > ''ankrättäto'' "bend".

There are two tenses/aspects, [[perfective]] (past) and [[imperfective]] (non-past); each has distinct forms for main versus [[subordinate clause]]s, and positive versus negative.  There are also distinct [[Jussive mood|jussive]], [[Imperative mood|imperative]], and [[Impersonal verb|impersonal]] forms.

====Conjugations====

=====Perfect=====
{| class="wikitable"
! English
! main clause
! subordinate clause
! relative clause
! subordinate with ''-m''
|-
| I measured
| ''säffär-ki''
| ''säffär-kʷ''
| ''yä-säffär-k-i''
| ''säffär-kum''
|-
| you (m. sg.) measured
| ''säffär-ko''
| ''säffär-kä''
| ''yä-säffär-k-i''
| ''säffär-käm''
|-
| you (f. sg.) measured
| ''säffär-šin''
| ''säffär-š''
| ''yä-säffär-š-i''
| ''säffär-šəm''
|-
| he measured
| ''säffär-o''
| ''säffär-ä''
| ''yä-säffär-i''
| ''säffär-äm''
|-
| she measured
| ''säffär-ätti''
| ''säffär-ät''
| ''yä-säffär-ätt-i''
| ''säffär-ättəm''
|-
| we measured
| ''säffär-no''
| ''säffär-nä''
| ''yä-säffär-n-i''
| ''säffär-näm''
|-
| you (m. pl.) measured
| ''säffär-kəmun''
| ''säffär-kəmu''
| ''yä-säffär-kəm-i''
| ''säffär-kəmum''
|-
| you (f. pl.) measured
| ''säffär-kəman''
| ''säffär-kəma''
| ''yä-säffär-kəma-yi''
| ''säffär-kəmam''
|-
| they (m.) measured
| ''säffär-mun''
| ''säffär-m''
| ''yä-säffär-m-i''
| ''säffär-mum''
|-
| they (f.) measured
| ''säffär-man''
| ''säffär-ma''
| ''yä-säffär-ma-yi''
| ''säffär-mam''
|}

The form with suffixed ''-m'' is used in subordinate clauses to connect verbs not otherwise connected, in a way analogous to [[Japanese language|Japanese]] ''-te''; it can be translated as "and", as a [[gerund]], or as a [[resultative]].  The perfect in ''-m'' followed by ''näbbär'' forms the [[pluperfect]].

The negative perfect is formed by prefixing ''al-'', with vowel change; for the conjugations mentioned above, the resulting forms are ''al-säfärä'', ''al-täkkälä'', and ''al-č'afärä''.

Examples: ''ge aräššo'' "he built a house"; ''banätäw k'ən awänna-m bämida tonnaw'' "having put butter on the top of his head, he sat outside".

=====Imperfect=====
{| class="wikitable"
! English
! main clause
! subordinate clause
|-
| I advance
| ''äbädru''
| ''äbädər''
|-
| you (m. sg.) advance
| ''təbädru''
| ''təbädər''
|-
| you (f. sg.) advance
| ''təbädri''
| ''təbʸedər''
|-
| he advances
| ''yəbädru''
| ''yəbädər''
|-
| she advances
| ''təbädri''
| ''təbädər''
|-
| we advance
| ''(ən)nəbädru''
| ''(ən)nəbädər''
|-
| you (m. pl.) advance
| ''təbädrəmun''
| ''təbädrəm''
|-
| you (f. pl.) advance
| ''təbädrəman''
| ''təbädrəma''
|-
| they (m.) advance
| ''yəbädrəmun''
| ''yəbädrəm''
|-
| they (f.) advance
| ''yəbädrəman''
| ''yəbädrəma''
|}

Like the perfect, the subordinate forms can take the suffix ''-m'' to express a series of non-past actions.  This can be combined with ''näbbär'' to express a habitual past action.

Examples: ''ahoññ gäbäya nalfu'' "today we shall go to the market"; ''yəgädəl məss'' "the man who kills"; ''mas tənäsa-m yibara wawt'a tək'ärsi'' "she picks up the sleeping mats and begins to remove the dung."

It can be augmented by ''-ən'', with no obvious change in meaning.

{| class="wikitable"
! English
! negative main clause
! negative subordinate clause
|-
| I do not begin
| ''täk'ärs''
| ''annək'ärs''
|-
| you (m. sg.) do not begin
| ''təttək'ärs''
| ''attək'ärs''
|-
| you (f. sg.) do not begin
| ''təttək'erš''
| ''attək'erš''
|-
| he does not begin
| ''tik'ärs''
| ''ayk'ärs''
|-
| she does not begin
| ''təttək'ärs''
| ''attək'ärs''
|-
| we do not begin
| ''tənnək'ärs''
| ''annək'ärs''
|-
| you (m. pl.) begin
| ''təttək'ärsəm''
| ''attək'ärsəm''
|-
| you (f. pl.) advance
| ''təttək'ärsəma''
| ''attək'ärsəma''
|-
| they (m.) advance
| ''tik'ärsəm''
| ''ayk'ärsəm''
|-
| they (f.) advance
| ''tik'ärsəma''
| ''ayk'ärsəma''
|}

Examples: ''ahoññ yəmät'a timäsəl'' "it does not seem that he will come today"; ''ädahʷan t-aykäfəl alläfo'' "he left without paying his debt".

=====Jussive and Imperative=====
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! colspan="3" | 
! conjugation A
! conjugation B
! conjugation C
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st<br />person
! colspan="2" | {{small|singular}}
| {{lang|gru|näsfər}}
| {{lang|gru|näšäkkət}}
| {{lang|gru|nägalb}}
|-
! colspan="2" | {{small|plural}}
| {{lang|gru|(ən)nəsfär}}
| {{lang|gru|nəšäkkət}}
| {{lang|gru|nəgalb}}
|-
! rowspan="4" | 2nd<br />person
! rowspan="2" | {{small|singular}}
! m.
| {{lang|gru|səfär}}
| {{lang|gru|šäkkət}}
| {{lang|gru|galb}}
|-
! f.
| {{lang|gru|səfer}}
| {{lang|gru|šäkkič}}
| {{lang|gru|galʸib}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|plural}}
! m.
| {{lang|gru|səfärəm}}
| {{lang|gru|šäkkətəm}}
| {{lang|gru|galbəm}}
|-
! f.
| {{lang|gru|səfärma}}
| {{lang|gru|šäkkətma}}
| {{lang|gru|galbəma}}
|-
! rowspan="4" | 3rd<br />person
! rowspan="2" | {{small|singular}}
! m.
| {{lang|gru|yesfər, yäsfər}}
| {{lang|gru|yešäkkət}}
| {{lang|gru|yegalb}}
|-
! f.
| {{lang|gru|tesfər}}
| {{lang|gru|tešäkkət}}
| {{lang|gru|tegalb}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|plural}}
! m.
| {{lang|gru|yesfərəm}}
| {{lang|gru|yešäkkətəm}}
| {{lang|gru|yegalbəm}}
|-
! f.
| {{lang|gru|yesfərma}}
| {{lang|gru|yešäkkətma}}
| {{lang|gru|yegalbəma}}
|}

These are negated by the prefix ''ay-'': ''ayəsfär'', ''ayšäkkət'', ''aygalb''.  The 2nd person forms then change to conform to the others: ''attəsfär'', ''attəsfer'', ''attəsfärəm'', ''attəsfärma''.

E.g.:
: {{lang|gru|yä-wäzälawan-hom yewsəd}} "let him take according to his work"
: {{lang|gru|yäsäb waga attəlgäd}} "don't touch someone's property"
: {{lang|gru|ärəf-əm tona}} "rest and sit down" (sit down quietly)