Editing Stroop effect (section)

== Variations ==
The Stroop test has additionally been modified to include other [[Modality (semiotics)|sensory modalities]] and variables,<ref name="pmid18211237">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Roberts KL, Hall DA |title=Examining a supramodal network for conflict processing: a systematic review and novel functional magnetic resonance imaging data for related visual and auditory stroop tasks
|journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
|volume=20
|issue=6
|pages=1063–78
|date=June 2008
|pmid=18211237
|doi=10.1162/jocn.2008.20074
|s2cid=1078936
}}</ref> to study the effect of [[Multilingualism|bilingualism]],<ref name="pmid12240746">{{cite journal
 |vauthors=Rosselli M, Ardila A, Santisi MN, etal |title=Stroop effect in Spanish-English bilinguals
|journal=Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
|volume=8
|issue=6
|pages=819–27
|date=September 2002
|pmid=12240746
|doi=10.1017/S1355617702860106
|s2cid=14224848
}}</ref> or to investigate the effect of emotions on interference.<ref name="pmid8711015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Williams JM, Mathews A, MacLeod C |title=The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology |journal=Psychol Bull |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=3–24 |date=July 1996 |pmid=8711015 |doi= 10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.3|citeseerx=10.1.1.321.1053 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19272751">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kimble MO, Frueh BC, Marks L |title=Does the modified Stroop effect exist in PTSD? Evidence from dissertation abstracts and the peer reviewed literature |journal=J Anxiety Disord |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=650–5 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19272751 |pmc=2844871 |doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.002 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15890165">{{cite journal |vauthors=Waters AJ, Sayette MA, Franken IH, Schwartz JE |title=Generalizability of carry-over effects in the emotional Stroop task |journal=Behav Res Ther |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=715–32 |date=June 2005 |pmid=15890165 |doi=10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.003 }}</ref>

=== Warped words ===
For example, the warped words Stroop effect produces the same findings similar to the original Stroop effect. Much like the Stroop task, the printed word's color is different from the ink color of the word; however, the words are printed in such a way that it is more difficult to read (typically curved-shaped).<ref name="The Stroop Effect">{{cite web|title=The Stroop Effect|url=http://brainstormpsychology.blogspot.com/2013/08/the-stroop-effect.html|publisher=Brainstorm Psychology|access-date=November 11, 2013}}</ref>  The idea here is the way the words are printed slows down both the brain's reaction and processing time, making it harder to complete the task.

=== Emotional ===

The [[emotional Stroop test|emotional Stroop]] effect serves as an information processing approach to emotions. In an emotional Stroop task, an individual is given negative emotional words like "grief", "violence", and "pain" mixed in with more neutral words like "clock", "door", and "shoe".<ref name="The Stroop Effect"/>  Just like in the original Stroop task, the words are colored and the individual is supposed to name the color. Research has revealed that individuals that are depressed are more likely to say the color of a negative word slower than the color of a neutral word.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Frings|first=C|title=Decomposing the emotional Stroop effect|journal=Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology|year=2010|volume=1|issue=1|pages=42–49|doi=10.1080/17470210903156594|pmid=19691003|s2cid=23725232|display-authors=etal}}</ref>  While both the emotional Stroop and the classic Stroop involve the need to suppress irrelevant or distracting information, there are differences between the two. The emotional Stroop effect emphasizes the conflict between the emotional relevance to the individual and the word; whereas, the classic Stroop effect examines the conflict between the incongruent color and word.<ref name="The Stroop Effect"/> The emotional Stroop effect has been used in psychology to test implicit biases such as racial bias via an [[implicit-association test]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Greenwald|first1=Anthony|last2=Nosek|first2=Brian|last3=Xu|first3=Kaiyuan|date=2014-03-18|title=Psychology data from the Race Implicit Association Test on the Project Implicit Demo website|journal=Journal of Open Psychology Data|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=e3|doi=10.5334/jopd.ac|issn=2050-9863|doi-access=free}}</ref> A notable study of this is Project Implicit from Harvard University which administered a test associating negative or positive emotions with pictures of race and measured the reaction time to determine racial preference.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/|title=Project Implicit|website=implicit.harvard.edu|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref>

=== Spatial ===
The spatial Stroop effect demonstrates interference between the stimulus location with the location in the stimuli.<ref name="Wuhr 2007 285–294">{{cite journal|last=Wuhr|first=P|title=A Stroop Effect For Spatial Orientation|journal=The Journal of General Psychology|year=2007|volume=134|issue=3|pages=285–294|doi=10.3200/genp.134.3.285-294|pmid=17824399|s2cid=2872079}}</ref>  In one version of the spatial Stroop task, an up or down-pointing arrow appears randomly above or below a central point. Despite being asked to discriminate the direction of the arrow while ignoring its location, individuals typically make faster and more accurate responses to congruent stimuli (i.e., a down-pointing arrow located below the fixation sign) than to incongruent ones (i.e., an up-pointing arrow located below the fixation sign).<ref name="Wuhr 2007 285–294"/>  A similar effect, the [[Simon effect]], uses non-spatial stimuli.<ref name="Johnson 2004"/>

=== Numerical ===
The [[Numerical Stroop effect]] demonstrates the close relationship between numerical values and physical sizes. Digits symbolize numerical values but they also have physical sizes. A digit can be presented as big or small (e.g., <big>5</big> vs. 5), irrespective of its numerical value. Comparing digits in incongruent trials (e.g., <big>3</big> 5) is slower than comparing digits in congruent trials (e.g., <big>5</big> 3) and the difference in reaction time is termed the numerical Stroop effect. The effect of irrelevant numerical values on physical comparisons (similar to the effect of irrelevant color words on responding to colors) suggests that numerical values are processed automatically (i.e., even when they are irrelevant to the task).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Henik|first1=A|last2=Tzelgov|first2=J|title=Is three greater than five: The relation between physical and semantic size in comparison tasks|journal=Memory & Cognition|date=1982|volume=10|issue=4|pages=389–395|doi=10.3758/BF03202431|pmid=7132716|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Reverse ===
Another variant of the classic Stroop effect is the reverse Stroop effect. It occurs during a pointing task. In a reverse Stroop task, individuals are shown a page with a black square with an incongruent colored word in the middle—for instance, the word "red" written in the color green ('''<span style="color:green">red</span>''')—with four smaller colored squares in the corners.<ref name="Durgin 2000 121–125">{{cite journal|last=Durgin|first=F|title=The Reverse Stroop Effect|journal=Psychonomic Bulletin & Review|year=2000|volume=7|issue=1|pages=121–125|doi=10.3758/bf03210730|pmid=10780025|doi-access=free}}</ref>  One square would be colored green, one square would be red, and the two remaining squares would be other colors. Studies show that if the individual is asked to point to the color square of the written color (in this case, red) they would present a delay.<ref name="Durgin 2000 121–125"/>  Thus, incongruently-colored words significantly interfere with pointing to the appropriate square. However, some research has shown there is very little interference from incongruent color words when the objective is to match the color of the word.<ref name="McMahon"/>