Editing Sundanese language (section)

==Grammar==
{{cleanup rewrite|section=yes|date=February 2020}}

===Root word===

====Root verb====
{|  class="wikitable" 
! English !! Sundanese <br />(formal) !! Sundanese <br />(polite)
|- 
| eat || dahar || tuang (for other)<br />neda (for myself)
|- 
| drink || inum || leueut 
|- 
| write || tulis || serat 
|- 
| read || maca || maos 
|- 
| forget || poho || lali (for other)
hilap (for myself)
|- 
| remember || inget || émut 
|- 
| sit || diuk || linggih (for other)
calik (for myself)
|- 
| standing || nangtung || ngadeg
|- 
| walk || leumpang || nyacat 
|}

====Plural form====
Other Austronesian languages (especially those in western Indonesia) commonly use [[reduplication]] to create plural forms. However, Sundanese inserts the ''ar'' infix into the stem word. If the stem word starts with ''l'', or contains ''r'' following the infix, the infix ''ar'' becomes ''al''. Also, as with other Sundanese infixes (such as ''um''), if the word starts with vowel, the infix becomes a prefix. 
Examples: 
#''Mangga téh, t'''ar'''ahuna haneut kénéh''. "Please ma'am, the bean curds are still warm/hot." The plural form of ''tahu'' 'bean curd, tofu' is formed by infixing ''ar'' after the initial consonant. 
#''B'''ar'''udak leutik l'''al'''umpatan.'' "Small children running around." ''Barudak'' "children" is formed from ''budak'' (child) with the ''ar'' infix; in ''lumpat'' (run) the ''ar'' infix becomes ''al'' because ''lumpat'' starts with ''l''.
#''Ieu kaén batik '''ar'''alus sadayana''. "All of these batik clothes are beautiful." Formed from ''alus'' (nice, beautiful, good) with the infix ''ar'' that becomes a prefix because ''alus'' starts with a vowel. It denotes the adjective "beautiful" for the plural subject/noun (batik clothes).
#''Siswa sakola éta mah b'''al'''ageur.'' "The students of that school are well-behaved." Formed from ''bageur'' ("good-behaving, nice, polite, helpful") with the infix ''ar'', which becomes ''al'' because of ''r'' in the root, to denote the adjective "well-behaved" for plural students.

However, it is reported that this use of ''al'' instead of ''ar'' (as illustrated in (4) above) does not to occur if the 'r' is in onset of a neighbouring syllable. For example, the plural form of the adjective ''curiga'' (suspicious) is ''caruriga'' and not *''caluriga'', because the 'r' in the root occurs at the start of the following syllable.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Phonology of Consonants: Harmony, Dissimilation, and Correspondence |last=Bennett |first=Wm G. |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |pages=132 |language=en}}</ref>
 
The prefix can be reduplicated to denote ''very-'', or the plural of groups. For example, "b'''arar'''udak" denotes many, many children or many groups of children (''budak'' is child in Sundanese). Another example, "b'''alal'''ageur" denotes plural adjective of "very well-behaved".

===Active form===
Most active forms of Sundanese verbs are identical to the root, as with ''diuk'' "sit" or ''dahar'' "eat". Some others depend on the initial phoneme in the root:
# Initial {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, {{IPA|/h/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/z/}} can be put after prefix ''nga'' like in ''ngadahar''.
# Initial {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/u/}}, {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/o/}} can be put after prefix ''ng'' like in ''nginum'' "drink".

===Negation===
There are several words to negate a statement in Sundanese. These are also different by the polite (''lemes'') and casual (''loma'') registers, as well as dialect.

====Polite====
In Priangan Sundanese, Polite negation is done by adding a '''henteu''' (the shorter form, '''teu''' is also commonly used) to negate most verbs (akin to adding a "not" to English "do" or "does"). To negate clauses where the subject is linked to adjectives or nouns (where, in English, it would normally require a linking verb like "be"), '''sanés''' is used.

* ''Abdi '''teu''' acan neda''. "I have not eaten yet."
In this sentence, "acan" is used to signpost that the speaker has not done something, but they will do it in a short notice.
* ''Buku abdi mah '''sanés''' nu ieu''. "My book is not this one."

Other words that can be used to negate clauses are '''moal''' (to signpost that the speaker is not going to do something) and '''alim''' (to show that the speaker does not want to do something). Other Sundanese dialects may have different ways to negate statements.

====Casual====
There are a wide range of casual negation helper words. In Priangan Sundanese, this can be done with a number of words.

* ''Urang '''acan''' dahar''. "I have not eaten yet."
The shorter version, ''can'', is also commonly used especially in spoken speech.
* ''Buku Urang mah '''lain''' nu ieu''. "My book is not this one."
The word ''lain'' can be used as a casual variant of ''sanés''.

'''Moal''' and its longer variant '''moal waka''' can also be used casually. Other words include ''teu hayang'' (which can also sound aggressive depending on context) and '''embung''' (which is somewhat a casual counterpart of ''alim'').

===Question===
{{Expand section|date=August 2015}}

Dupi ''(for polite situation)''/Ari ''(for formal situation)''-(question)

example:

Polite:

* ''Dupi Tuang Rama nyondong di bumi?'' "Is your father at home?"
* ''Dupi bumi di palih mana?'' "Where do you live?"
Formal:

*''Ari Bapa aya di imah?'' "Is your father at home?"
* ''Ari imah di beulah mana?'' "Where do you live?"

===Interrogatives===
{| class="wikitable" 
! English
! Sundanese<br />(formal)
! Sundanese<br />(polite)<br />
! Indonesian
|-
| what
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;  " | ''naon''
| ''apa''
|-
| who
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; | ''saha''
| ''siapa''
|-
| whose/whom
| ''nu saha''
| ''kagungan saha''
| ''punya siapa''
|-
| where
| ''(di) mana''
| ''(di) manten''
| ''(di) mana''
|-
| when
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; | ''iraha''
| ''kapan''
|-
| why
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;  | ''naha, kunaon''
| ''kenapa''
|-
| how
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; | ''kumaha''
| ''bagaimana''
|-
| how many
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; | ''sabaraha''
| ''berapa''
|}

===Passive form===
{{Expand section|date=August 2015}}

Polite:
*''Buku dibantun ku abdi.'' "The book is brought by me." ''Dibantun'' is the passive form ''ngabantun'' "bring".
*''Pulpén ditambut ku abdi.'' "The pen is borrowed by me."
*''Soal ieu dipidamel ku abdi.'' "This problem is done by me."
*''Kacasoca dianggo ku abdi.''  "Glasses worn by me."
Formal:
*''Buku dibawa ku urang.'' "The book is brought by me." ''Dibawa'' is the passive form ''mawa'' "bring".
*''Pulpén diinjeum ku urang.'' "The pen is borrowed by me."
*''Soal ieu digawékeun ku urang.'' "This problem is done by me."
*''Tasma dipaké ku urang.''  "Glasses worn by me."

===Adjectives===
{{Expand section|date=August 2015}}
Examples:

''teuas'' (hard), ''tiis'' (cool for water and solid objects), ''tiris'' (cool for air), ''hipu'' (soft), ''lada'' (hot/spicy, usually for foods), ''haneut'' (warm), etc.

===Prepositions===

====Place====
Sundanese has three generic prepositions for spatial expressions:{{sfnp|Hardjadibrata|1985|p=30}}
* ''di'': 'in', 'at' etc., indicating position
*''dina/na:'' 'on', 'at' etc., indicating specific position
* ''ka'': 'to', indicating direction (from places like city, country, buildings, rooms, street, human, entities, etc. and treating the noun as a place where something happens)
* ''kana'': 'to', indicating specific direction (from things, tools, containers, plants, organs or parts of body, etc. and treating the noun as an object)
* ''ti'': 'from', indicating origin
*''tina'': 'from', indicating specific origin
*
*h
*
*
*

Using different type of prepositions can result in different meanings.

di cai: at the bathroom/toilet

dina cai: inside of water 

ka cai: going to a bathroom/toilet

kana cai: into water

ti cai: (someone) comes from the bathroom/toilet

tina cai: (something) made of water, or (something) comes from water

ka mobil: going inside a car

kana mobil: something is done/happened to a car


To express more specific spatial relations (like 'inside', 'under' etc.), these prepositions have been combined with locative nouns:{{sfnp|Hardjadibrata|1985|p=72–74}}

{|  class="wikitable" 
! Formal !! Polite !! Gloss
|- 
| ''di jero''|| ''di lebet''|| inside 
|- 
| ''di luar''|| ''di luar''|| outside 
|- 
| ''di gigir''|| ''di gédéng''|| beside
|- 
| ''di luhur''|| ''di luhur''|| above
|- 
| ''di handap''|| ''di handap''|| below
|- 
| ''di tukang''|| ''di pengker''|| behind
|- 
| ''di hareup''|| ''di payun''|| in front
|}
''Di gigir/luhur/handap/tukang/hareup'' (also ''ka gigir'', ''ti gigir'' etc.) are absolute adverial expressions without a following noun. To express relative position, they have to add the suffix ''-eun'', e.g.:

Polite:
*''di luhur bumi'' – 'on top of the house'
*''dina luhur lomari'' – 'on top of the cupboard'
*''ti pengker bumi'' – 'from behind the house', alternative version: pengkereun bumi
*''tina pengker lomari'' – 'from behind the cupboard'
Formal:
*''di luhureun imah'' – 'on top of the house'
*''dina luhureun lomari'' – 'on top of the cupboard'
*''ti tukangeun imah'' – 'from behind the house'
*''tina tukangeun lomari'' – 'from behind the cupboard'
''Di jero,'' ''di luar'' and the polite forms ''luhur'' & ''pengker'' can be used both with and without a following noun.

====Time====
{|  class="wikitable" 
! English !! Sundanese <br />(formal) !! Sundanese <br />(polite)
|- 
| before || ''saacan/saméméh''|| ''sateuacan''
|- 
| after || ''sanggeus''|| ''saparantos''
|- 
| during || ''basa''|| ''nalika''
|- 
| past || ''baheula''|| ''kapungkur''
|}

====Miscellaneous====
{|  class="wikitable" 
! English !! Sundanese <br />(formal) !! Sundanese <br />(polite)
|- 
| from || ''tina/ti''|| ''tina/ti''
|- 
| for || ''jang, paragi''|| ''kanggo/kanggé''
|}