Editing Term logic (section)

== Decline of term logic ==
Term logic began to decline in [[Europe]] during the [[Renaissance]], when logicians like [[Rodolphus Agricola]] Phrisius (1444–1485) and [[Petrus Ramus|Ramus]] (1515–1572) began to promote place logics. The logical tradition called [[Port-Royal Logic]], or sometimes "traditional logic", saw propositions as combinations of ideas rather than of terms, but otherwise followed many of the conventions of term logic. It remained influential, especially in England, until the 19th century. [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]] created a distinctive [[logical calculus]], but nearly all of his work on [[logic]] remained unpublished and unremarked until [[Louis Couturat]] went through the Leibniz ''[[Nachlass]]'' around 1900, publishing his pioneering studies in logic.

19th-century attempts to algebraize logic, such as the work of [[George Boole|Boole]] (1815–1864) and [[John Venn|Venn]] (1834–1923), typically yielded systems highly influenced by the term-logic tradition. The first [[predicate logic]] was that of [[Frege]]'s landmark ''[[Begriffsschrift]]'' (1879), little read before 1950, in part because of its eccentric notation. Modern [[predicate logic]] as we know it began in the 1880s with the writings of [[Charles Sanders Peirce]], who influenced [[Peano]] (1858–1932) and even more, [[Ernst Schröder (mathematician)|Ernst Schröder]] (1841–1902). It reached fruition in the hands of [[Bertrand Russell]] and [[A. N. Whitehead]], whose ''[[Principia Mathematica]]'' (1910–13) made use of a variant of Peano's predicate logic.

Term logic also survived to some extent in traditional [[Roman Catholic]] education, especially in [[seminary|seminaries]]. Medieval Catholic [[theology]], especially the writings of [[Thomas Aquinas]], had a powerfully [[Aristotle|Aristotelean]] cast, and thus term logic became a part of Catholic theological reasoning. For example, Joyce's ''Principles of Logic'' (1908; 3rd edition 1949), written for use in Catholic seminaries, made no mention of [[Frege]] or of [[Bertrand Russell]].<ref>[[Frederick Copleston|Copleston]]'s ''[[A History of Philosophy (Copleston)|A History of Philosophy]]''</ref>{{page number needed|date=August 2023}}{{quotation needed|date=August 2023}}