Editing Titanium (section)

== History ==
[[File:Martin Heinrich Klaproth.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Engraved profile image of a mid-age male with high forehead. The person is wearing a coat and a neckerchief.|[[Martin Heinrich Klaproth]] named titanium for the [[titan (mythology)|Titans]] of [[Greek mythology]].]]

Titanium was [[discovery of the chemical elements|discovered]] in 1791 by the [[clergy]]man and [[geologist]] [[William Gregor]] as an [[inclusion (mineral)|inclusion]] of a mineral in [[Cornwall]], Great Britain.<ref name=Emsley2001p452/> Gregor recognized the presence of a new element in ilmenite<ref name=HistoryAndUse/> when he found black sand by a stream and noticed the sand was attracted by a [[magnet]].<ref name=Emsley2001p452/> Analyzing the sand, he determined the presence of two metal oxides: [[iron oxide]] (explaining the attraction to the magnet) and 45.25% of a white metallic oxide he could not identify.<ref name="Barksdale1968p732">{{harvnb|Barksdale|1968|p=732}}</ref> Realizing that the unidentified oxide contained a metal that did not match any known element, in 1791 Gregor reported his findings in both German and French science journals: ''[[Crell's Annalen]]'' and ''Observations et Mémoires sur la Physique''.<ref name=Emsley2001p452/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gregor, William |year=1791 |title=Beobachtungen und Versuche über den Menakanit, einen in Cornwall gefundenen magnetischen Sand |lang=de |trans-title=Observations and experiments regarding menaccanite [i.e., ilmenite], a magnetic sand found in Cornwall |journal=Chemische Annalen |volume=1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFAyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA40 pp. 40–54], [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFAyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA103 103–119]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gregor, William |year=1791 |title=Sur le menakanite, espèce de sable attirable par l'aimant, trouvé dans la province de Cornouilles |trans-title=On menaccanite, a species of magnetic sand, found in the county of Cornwall |lang=fr |journal=Observations et Mémoires sur la Physique |volume=39 |pages=[https://archive.org/stream/journaldephysiq23unkngoog#page/n77/mode/1up 72–78], [https://archive.org/stream/journaldephysiq23unkngoog#page/n159/mode/1up 152–160]}}</ref><!-- <ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pqc5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA40 }}</ref>--> He named this oxide [[manaccanite]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Habashi |first1=Fathi |title=Historical Introduction to Refractory Metals |journal=Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review |date=January 2001 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=25–53 |doi=10.1080/08827509808962488|bibcode=2001MPEMR..22...25H |s2cid=100370649 }}</ref>

Around the same time, [[Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein]] produced a similar substance, but could not identify it.<ref name="HistoryAndUse" /> The oxide was independently rediscovered in 1795 by [[Prussia]]n chemist [[Martin Heinrich Klaproth]] in rutile from Boinik (the German name of Bajmócska), a village in Hungary (now [[Bojničky]] in Slovakia).<ref name="Emsley2001p452" />{{efn|
''"Diesem zufolge will ich den Namen für die gegenwärtige metallische Substanz, gleichergestalt wie bei dem Uranium geschehen, aus der Mythologie, und zwar von den Ursöhnen der Erde, den Titanen, entlehnen, und benenne also diese neue Metallgeschlecht: Titanium;&nbsp;... "''<ref name=Klaproth-1795>{{cite journal |author=Klaproth, Martin Heinrich |year=1795 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zFGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA233 |title=Chemische Untersuchung des sogenannten hungarischen rothen Schörls |trans-title=Chemical investigation of the so-called Hungarian red tourmaline [rutile] |journal=Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper [Contributions to the chemical knowledge of mineral substances] |volume=1 |pages=233–244 |place=Berlin, DE |publisher=Heinrich August Rottmann}}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p= 244}}
{{br}}
[By virtue of this I will derive the name for the present metallic substance — as happened similarly in the case of uranium — from mythology, namely from the first sons of the Earth, the Titans, and thus [I] name this new species of metal: "titanium";&nbsp;... ]
}}
Klaproth found that it contained a new element and named it for the [[titan (mythology)|Titans]] of [[Greek mythology]].<ref name=Emsley2001p451/> After hearing about Gregor's earlier discovery, he obtained a sample of manaccanite and confirmed that it contained titanium.<ref>{{cite report |title=Twenty-five years of Titanium news: A concise and timely report on titanium and titanium recycling |year=1995 |publisher=Suisman Titanium Corporation |via=[[Pennsylvania State University]] / Google Books |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amIQAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>

The currently known processes for extracting titanium from its various ores are laborious and costly; it is not possible to reduce the ore by heating with [[carbon]] (as in iron smelting) because titanium combines with the carbon to produce titanium carbide.<ref name=Emsley2001p452/> An extraction of 95% pure titanium was achieved by [[Lars Fredrik Nilson]] and [[:it:Otto_Pettersson|Otto Petterson]]. To achieve this they chlorinated titanium oxide in a carbon monoxide atmosphere with chlorine gas before reducing it to titanium metal by the use of sodium.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Takeda |first1=Osamu |title=Chapter 2.7 - Rare Earth, Titanium Group Metals, and Reactive Metals Production |date=2024-01-01 |work=Treatise on Process Metallurgy (Second Edition) |pages=697–750 |editor-last=Seetharaman |editor-first=Seshadri |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780323853736000107 |access-date=2024-11-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-85373-6 |last2=Uda |first2=Tetsuya |last3=Okabe |first3=Toru H. |editor2-last=Guthrie |editor2-first=Roderick |editor3-last=McLean |editor3-first=Alexander |editor4-last=Seetharaman |editor4-first=Sridhar |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-85373-6.00010-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pure metallic titanium (99.9%) was first prepared in 1910 by [[Matthew A. Hunter]] at [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] by heating TiCl<sub>4</sub> with [[sodium]] at {{convert|700-800|°C|°F}} under great pressure<ref name=Roza2008p9>{{harvnb|Roza|2008|p=9}}</ref> in a [[batch production|batch process]] known as the [[Hunter process]].<ref name=LANL/> Titanium metal was not used outside the laboratory until 1932 when [[William Justin Kroll]] produced it by reducing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl<sub>4</sub>) with [[calcium]].<ref name=Greenwood1997p955>{{harvnb|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=955}}</ref> Eight years later he refined this process with magnesium and with sodium in what became known as the Kroll process.<ref name=Greenwood1997p955/> Although research continues to seek cheaper and more efficient routes, such as the [[FFC Cambridge process]], the Kroll process is still predominantly used for commercial production.<ref name=LANL/><ref name=HistoryAndUse/>

[[File:Titanium metal.jpg|thumb|right|Titanium "sponge", made by the [[Kroll process]]]]

Titanium of very high purity was made in small quantities when [[Anton Eduard van Arkel]] and [[Jan Hendrik de Boer]] discovered the iodide process in 1925, by reacting with iodine and decomposing the formed vapors over a hot filament to pure metal.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=van&nbsp;Arkel, A.E. |author1-link=Anton Eduard van Arkel |author2=de&nbsp;Boer, J.H. |year=1925 |title=Preparation of pure titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and thorium metal |journal=[[Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie]] |volume=148 |pages=345–50 |doi=10.1002/zaac.19251480133}}</ref>

In the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union pioneered the use of titanium in military and submarine applications<ref name=Roza2008p9/> ([[Alfa-class submarine|Alfa class]] and [[Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets|Mike class]])<ref>{{cite web |last=Yanko |first=Eugene |year=2006 |title=Submarines: General information |publisher=Omsk VTTV Arms Exhibition and Military Parade JSC |url=http://warfare.be/db/catid/243/linkid/1756/ |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406114504/http://warfare.be/db/catid/243/linkid/1756/ |archive-date=6 April 2016 }}</ref> as part of programs related to the Cold War.<ref>{{cite news |title=VSMPO stronger than ever |date=July–August 2001 |website=Stainless Steel World |pages=16–19 |publisher=KCI Publishing B.V. |url=http://www.stainless-steel-world.net/pdf/ssw0107.pdf?issueID=30 |access-date=2 January 2007 |archive-date=5 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005041506/http://www.stainless-steel-world.net/pdf/ssw0107.pdf?issueID=30  }}</ref> Starting in the early 1950s, titanium came into use extensively in military aviation, particularly in high-performance jets, starting with aircraft such as the [[F-100 Super Sabre]] and [[Lockheed A-12]] and [[SR-71]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=Jasper, Adam |year=2020 |title=Architecture and Anthropology |isbn=978-1-351-10627-6 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=42}}</ref>

Throughout the Cold War period, titanium was considered a [[strategic material]] by the U.S. government, and a large stockpile of titanium [[Metal foam|sponge]] (a porous form of the pure metal) was maintained by the [[Defense National Stockpile Center]], until the stockpile was dispersed in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite report |title=Strategic and Critical Materials Report to the Congress. Operations under the Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act during the Period October 2007 through September 2008 |year=2008 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |page=3304 |author=Defense National Stockpile Center |url=https://www.dnsc.dla.mil/Uploads/Materials/esolomon_5-21-2009_13-29-4_2008OpsReport.pdf |author-link=Defense National Stockpile Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211093359/https://www.dnsc.dla.mil/Uploads/Materials/esolomon_5-21-2009_13-29-4_2008OpsReport.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2010 }}</ref> As of 2021, the four leading producers of titanium sponge were China (52%), Japan (24%), Russia (16%) and Kazakhstan (7%).<ref name="USGS" />