Editing Tooth enamel (section)

== Related pathology ==
[[File:Enamel celiac.jpg|thumb|Irreversible enamel defects caused by an untreated celiac disease. They may be the only clue to its diagnosis, even in absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, but are often confused with fluorosis, [[tetracycline]] discoloration, or other causes.<ref name=NIHCDdiagnosis>{{cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/diagnosis |title=Diagnosis of Celiac Disease |publisher=National Institute of Health (NIH) |access-date=6 June 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515223010/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/diagnosis |archive-date=15 May 2017 }}</ref><ref name=NIHCDdentalenamel>[http://celiac.nih.gov/PDF/Dental_Enamel_Defects_508.pdf Dental Enamel Defects and Celiac Disease] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305124250/http://celiac.nih.gov/PDF/Dental_Enamel_Defects_508.pdf |date=5 March 2016 }} National Institute of Health (NIH)</ref><ref name=PastoreCarroccio2008>{{cite journal| vauthors=Pastore L, Carroccio A, Compilato D, Panzarella V, Serpico R, Lo Muzio L| title=Oral manifestations of celiac disease | journal=J Clin Gastroenterol | year= 2008 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 224–32 | pmid=18223505 | doi=10.1097/MCG.0b013e318074dd98 | type=Review | url=https://iris.unipa.it/bitstream/10447/1671/1/J%20Clin%20Gastr%20celiachia%20e%20mucosa%20orale%20review%20pdf.pdf | hdl=10447/1671 | s2cid=205776755 }}</ref> The [[National Institutes of Health]] include a dental exam in the diagnostic protocol of [[celiac disease]].<ref name=NIHCDdiagnosis /> ]]
There are 14 different types of [[amelogenesis imperfecta]].<ref name=":4" /> The [[enamel hypocalcification|hypocalcification]] type, which is the most common, is an [[autosomal dominant]] condition that results in enamel that is not completely mineralized.<ref name=harris7>Harris, p. 7: see section titled "X-Linked Inheritance"</ref> Consequently, enamel easily flakes off the teeth, which appear yellow because of the revealed dentin. The hypoplastic type is [[X-linked]] and results in normal enamel that appears in too little quantity, having the same effect as the most common type.<ref name="harris7" />

Chronic bilirubin [[encephalopathy]], which can result from [[erythroblastosis fetalis]], is a disease which has numerous effects on an [[infant]], but it can also cause enamel hypoplasia and green staining of enamel.<ref>eMedicine: ''[http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1247.htm Kernicterus]''</ref>

[[Enamel hypoplasia]] is broadly defined to encompass all deviations from normal enamel in its various degrees of absence.<ref>Ash and Nelson, p. 31</ref> The missing enamel could be localized, forming a small pit, or it could be completely absent.

Erythropoietic [[porphyria]] is a genetic disease resulting in the deposition of [[porphyrin]]s throughout the body. These deposits also occur in enamel and leave an appearance described as red in color and fluorescent.<ref>eMedicine: ''[http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic145.htm Erythropoietic Porphyria]''</ref>

[[Dental fluorosis|Fluorosis]] leads to mottled enamel and occurs from overexposure to fluoride.<ref name="ross453" />

[[Tetracycline]] staining leads to brown bands on the areas of developing enamel. Children up to age 8 can develop mottled enamel from taking tetracycline. As a result, tetracycline is contraindicated in [[pregnancy|pregnant]] women.

[[Celiac disease]], a disorder characterized by an auto-immune response to [[gluten]], also commonly results in demineralization of the enamel.<ref name=NIHCDdiagnosis /><ref name=PastoreCarroccio2008 />