Editing Vertical integration (section)

===Steel and oil===
One of the earliest, largest and most famous examples of vertical integration was the [[Carnegie Steel]] company. The company controlled not only the mills where the [[steel]] was made, but also the mines where the [[iron ore]] was extracted, the coal mines that supplied the [[coal]], the ships that transported the iron ore and the railroads that transported the coal to the factory, the [[coke (fuel)|coke]] ovens where the coal was coked, etc. The company focused heavily on developing talent internally from the bottom up, rather than importing it from other companies.<ref>Folsom, Burton ''The Myth of the Robber Barons'' 5th edition. 2007. pg. 65. {{ISBN|978-0963020314}}. "only we can develop ''ability'' and hold it in our service. Every year should be marked by the promotion of one or more of our young men."</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2015}} Later, Carnegie established [[Carnegie Mellon University|an institute]] of higher learning to teach the steel processes to the next generation.

[[Petroleum industry|Oil companies]], both multinational (such as [[ExxonMobil]], [[Shell plc|Shell]], [[ConocoPhillips]] or [[BP]]) and national (e.g., [[Petronas]]), often adopt a vertically integrated structure, meaning that they are active along the entire supply chain from [[Hydrocarbon exploration and licensing policy, 2016|locating deposits]], drilling and extracting [[crude oil]], transporting it around the world, [[Oil refinery|refining]] it into petroleum products such as [[gasoline|petrol/gasoline]], to distributing the fuel to company-owned retail stations, for sale to consumers.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} [[Standard Oil]] is a famous example of both horizontal and vertical integration, combining extraction, transport, refinement, wholesale distribution, and retail sales at company-owned gas stations.