Editing X86 virtualization (section)

==== Network virtualization (VT-c) ====
* Intel's "Virtualization Technology for Connectivity" (VT-c).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/technology-briefs/virtualization-technology-connectivity-brief.pdf |title=Intel Virtualization Technology for Connectivity (VT-c) |publisher=Intel.com |access-date=2018-02-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222022822/http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/technology-briefs/virtualization-technology-connectivity-brief.pdf |archive-date=2016-02-22}}</ref>

===== {{Anchor|PCI-SIG|SR-IOV}}PCI-SIG Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) =====
{{Main|Single-root input/output virtualization}}
''PCI-SIG Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV)'' provides a set of general (non-x86 specific) I/O virtualization methods based on [[PCI Express]] (PCIe) native hardware, as standardized by PCI-SIG:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcisig.com/specifications/iov/ats |title=PCI-SIG I/O Virtualization (IOV) Specifications |publisher=Pcisig.com |date=2011-03-31 |access-date=2012-02-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115211058/http://www.pcisig.com/specifications/iov/ats/ |archive-date=2012-01-15}}</ref>

* ''Address translation services (ATS)'' supports native IOV across PCI Express via address translation. It requires support for new transactions to configure such translations.
* ''[[Single-root input/output virtualization|Single-root IOV]] (SR-IOV or SRIOV)'' supports native IOV in existing single-root complex PCI Express topologies. It requires support for new device capabilities to configure multiple virtualized configuration spaces.<ref name="intel-grantley">{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.intel.com/content/dam/technology-provider/secure/us/en/documents/product-marketing-information/tst-grantley-launch-presentation-2014.pdf#page=104
 |title       = Intel Look Inside: Intel Ethernet
 |date        = November 27, 2014
 |access-date  = March 26, 2015
 |publisher   = [[Intel]]
 |format      = PDF
 |page        = 104
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003829/http://www.intel.com/content/dam/technology-provider/secure/us/en/documents/product-marketing-information/tst-grantley-launch-presentation-2014.pdf#page=104
 |archive-date = March 4, 2016
}}</ref>
* ''Multi-root IOV (MR-IOV)'' supports native IOV in new topologies (for example, blade servers) by building on SR-IOV to provide multiple root complexes which share a common PCI Express hierarchy.

In SR-IOV, the most common of these, a host VMM configures supported devices to create and allocate virtual "shadows" of their configuration spaces so that virtual machine guests can directly configure and access such "shadow" device resources.<ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.usenix.org/conference/wiov-08/sr-iov-networking-xen-architecture-design-and-implementation
 |title       = SR-IOV Networking in Xen: Architecture, Design and Implementation
 |date        = 2008
 |access-date  = 2014-01-10
 |author1     = Yaozu Dong |author2=Zhao Yu |author3=Greg Rose
 |publisher   = [[USENIX]]
 |work        = usenix.org
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20140109052753/https://www.usenix.org/conference/wiov-08/sr-iov-networking-xen-architecture-design-and-implementation
 |archive-date = 2014-01-09
}}</ref> With SR-IOV enabled, virtualized network interfaces are directly accessible to the guests,<ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/solution-briefs/10-gbe-ethernet-flexible-port-partitioning-brief.pdf
 |title       = An Introduction to Intel Flexible Port Partitioning Using SR-IOV Technology
 |date        = September 2011
 |access-date  = September 24, 2015
 |author1     = Patrick Kutch
 |author2     = Brian Johnson
 |author3     = Greg Rose
 |publisher   = [[Intel]]
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20150807015402/http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/solution-briefs/10-gbe-ethernet-flexible-port-partitioning-brief.pdf
 |archive-date = August 7, 2015
}}</ref>
avoiding involvement of the VMM and resulting in high overall performance;<ref name="intel-grantley" /> for example, SR-IOV achieves over 95% of the [[Bare machine|bare metal]] network bandwidth in [[NASA]]'s virtualized datacenter<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/case-studies/10-gigabit-ethernet-nasa-case-study.pdf | title=NASA's Flexible Cloud Fabric: Moving Cluster Applications to the Cloud | publisher=[[Intel]] | access-date=2014-01-08 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222083815/http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/case-studies/10-gigabit-ethernet-nasa-case-study.pdf | archive-date=2012-12-22}}</ref> and in the [[Amazon Web Services|Amazon Public Cloud]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.scalablelogic.com/2013/12/enhanced-networking-in-aws-cloud.html | title=Enhanced Networking in the AWS Cloud | publisher=Scalable Logic | date=2013-12-31 | access-date=2014-01-08 | url-status=live | archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140109035046/http://blogs.scalablelogic.com/2013/12/enhanced-networking-in-aws-cloud.html | archive-date=2014-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.scalablelogic.com/2014/01/enhanced-networking-in-aws-cloud-part-2.html |title=Enhanced Networking in the AWS Cloud - Part 2 |publisher=Scalable Logic |date=2013-12-31 |access-date=2014-01-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140110122946/http://blogs.scalablelogic.com/2014/01/enhanced-networking-in-aws-cloud-part-2.html |archive-date=2014-01-10}}</ref>