Editing ARPANET (section)

== Applications ==

NCP provided a standard set of network services that could be shared by several applications running on a single host computer. This led to the evolution of ''application protocols'' that operated, more or less, independently of the underlying network service, and permitted independent advances in the underlying protocols.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The various application protocols such as [[TELNET]] for remote time-sharing access and [[File Transfer Protocol]] (FTP), the latter used to enable rudimentary electronic mail, were developed and eventually ported to run over the TCP/IP protocol suite. In the 1980s, FTP for email was replaced by the [[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol]] and, later, [[Post Office Protocol|POP]] and [[IMAP]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Telnet was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15, extended in RFC 855.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The original specification for the File Transfer Protocol was written by [[Abhay Bhushan]] and published as {{IETF RFC|114}} on 16 April 1971. By 1973, the [[File Transfer Protocol]] (FTP) specification had been defined ({{IETF RFC|354}}) and implemented, enabling file transfers over the ARPANET.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

In 1971, [[Ray Tomlinson]], of BBN sent the first network [[e-mail]] ({{IETF RFC|524}}, {{IETF RFC|561}}).<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://openmap.bbn.com/~tomlinso/ray/firstemailframe.html|title=The First Network Email|author=Tomlinson, Ray|publisher=BBN|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506003539/http://openmap.bbn.com/~tomlinso/ray/firstemailframe.html|archive-date=6 May 2006|access-date=6 March 2012}}</ref> An ARPA study in 1973, a year after network e-mail was introduced to the ARPANET community, found that three-quarters of the traffic over the ARPANET consisted of email messages.<ref>{{harvnb|Hafner|Lyon|1996|p=194|ps=: "found that three quarters of all traffic on the ARPANET was email"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=P. N. |date=1998 |title=Virtual Machines, Virtual Infrastructures: The New Historiography of Information Technology |url=https://pne.people.si.umich.edu/PDF/isis_review.pdf |publisher=Isis essay review |page=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Akkad |first=Jay |title=The History of Email |url=https://sites.cs.ucsb.edu/~almeroth/classes/F04.176A/homework1_good_papers/jay-akkad.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=sites.cs.ucsb.edu}}</ref> E-mail remained a very large part of the overall ARPANET traffic.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abbate|first=Janet|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44962566|title=Inventing the Internet|date=2000|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-2625-1115-5|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=106–111|oclc=44962566}}</ref>

The [[Network Voice Protocol]] (NVP) specifications were defined in 1977 ({{IETF RFC|741}}), and implemented. But, because of technical shortcomings, [[conference call]]s over the ARPANET never worked well; the contemporary [[Voice over Internet Protocol]] (packet voice) was decades away.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}