Editing Amputation (section)

=== Frostbite ===

[[Frostbite]] is a cold-related injury occurring when an area (typically a limb or other extremity)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-19 |title=Frostbite |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/frostbite/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> is exposed to extreme low temperatures, causing the freezing of the skin or other tissues.<ref name="handford2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Handford |first1=Charles |last2=Thomas |first2=Owen |last3=Imray |first3=Christopher H. E. |date=2017-05-01 |title=Frostbite |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0733862716301201 |journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America |series=Wilderness and Environmental Medicine |language=en |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=281–299 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2016.12.006 |pmid=28411928 |issn=0733-8627|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Its [[pathophysiology]] involves the formation of ice crystals upon freezing and [[blood clot]]s upon thawing, leading to [[cell damage]] and [[cell death]].<ref name="handford2017" /> Treatment of severe frostbite may require surgical amputation of the affected tissue or limb;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Handford |first1=Charles |last2=Buxton |first2=Pauline |last3=Russell |first3=Katie |last4=Imray |first4=Caitlin Ea |last5=McIntosh |first5=Scott E. |last6=Freer |first6=Luanne |last7=Cochran |first7=Amalia |last8=Imray |first8=Christopher He |date=2014 |title=Frostbite: a practical approach to hospital management |journal=Extreme Physiology & Medicine |volume=3 |pages=7 |doi=10.1186/2046-7648-3-7 |issn=2046-7648 |pmc=3994495 |pmid=24764516 |doi-access=free }}</ref> if there is deep injury [[autoamputation]] may occur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frostbite Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-clinical |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=emedicine.medscape.com}}</ref>