Editing Angiography (section)

==Complications==

Angiography is a relatively safe procedure. But it does have some minor and very few major complications. After an angiogram, a sudden shock can cause a little pain at the surgery area, but heart attacks and strokes usually do not occur, as they may in bypass surgery. The risk of complications from angiography can be reduced with a prior CT scan by providing clinicians with more information about number and positioning of the clots in advance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Daniel A. |last2=Beirne |first2=Anne-Marie |last3=Kelham |first3=Matthew |last4=Rathod |first4=Krishnaraj S. |last5=Andiapen |first5=Mervyn |last6=Wynne |first6=Lucinda |last7=Godec |first7=Thomas |last8=Forooghi |first8=Nasim |last9=Ramaseshan |first9=Rohini |last10=Moon |first10=James C. |last11=Davies |first11=Ceri |last12=Bourantas |first12=Christos V. |last13=Baumbach |first13=Andreas |last14=Manisty |first14=Charlotte |last15=Wragg |first15=Andrew |date=2023-10-31 |title=Computed Tomography Cardiac Angiography Before Invasive Coronary Angiography in Patients With Previous Bypass Surgery: The BYPASS-CTCA Trial |journal=Circulation |language=en |volume=148 |issue=18 |pages=1371–1380 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064465 |issn=0009-7322 |pmc=11139242 |pmid=37772419}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=6 August 2024 |title=CT scan reduces the complications of angiography after bypass surgery |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/ct-scan-reduces-the-complications-of-angiography-after-bypass-surgery/ |journal=NIHR Evidence|doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_63153 |doi-access=free }}</ref> 

===Cerebral angiography===
Major complications in cerebral angiography such as in [[digital subtraction angiography]] or contrast MRI are also rare but include [[stroke]], an [[allergic]] reaction to the [[anaesthetic]] other medication or the contrast medium, blockage or damage to one of the access veins in the leg, pseudoaneurysm at the puncture site; or [[thrombosis]] and [[embolism]] formation. [[Bleeding]] or [[bruising]] at the site where the contrast is injected are minor complications, delayed bleeding can also occur but is rare.<ref name='nhs-angiography-complications'>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Angiography/Pages/Complications.aspx |title=Angiography – Complications |access-date=2010-03-24 |date=2009-06-01 |work=Health A-Z |publisher=NHS Choices }}</ref>

===Additional risks===
The contrast medium that is used usually produces a sensation of warmth lasting only a few seconds, but may be felt in a greater degree in the area of injection. If the patient is allergic to the contrast medium, much more serious side effects are inevitable; however, with new contrast agents the risk of a severe reaction is less than one in 80,000 examinations. Additionally, damage to blood vessels can occur at the site of puncture/injection, and anywhere along the vessel during passage of the catheter. If [[digital subtraction angiography]] is used instead, the risks are considerably reduced because the catheter does not need to be passed as far into the blood vessels; thus lessening the chances of damage or blockage.

===Infection===
[[Antibiotic prophylaxis]] may be given in those procedures that are not clean, or clean procedures that results in generation of [[infarcted]] or [[necrotic]] tissues such as [[embolisation]]. Routine diagnostic angiography is often considered a clean procedure. Prophylaxis is also given to prevent infection from infected space into blood stream.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Venkatesan|first1=Aradhana M.|last2=Kundu|first2=Sanjoy|last3=Sacks|first3=David|last4=Wallace|first4=Michael J.|last5=Wojak|first5=Joan C.|last6=Rose|first6=Steven C.|last7=Clark|first7=Timothy W.I.|last8=d'Othee|first8=B. Janne|last9=Itkin|first9=Maxim|last10=Jones|first10=Robert S.|last11=Miller|first11=Donald L.|date=November 2010|title=Practice Guideline for Adult Antibiotic Prophylaxis during Vascular and Interventional Radiology Procedures|journal=Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology|language=en|volume=21|issue=11|pages=1611–1630|doi=10.1016/j.jvir.2010.07.018|pmid=21029949|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Thrombosis===
There are six risk factors causing thrombosis after arterial puncture: low blood pressure, small arterial diameter, multiple puncture tries, long duration of cannulation, administration of vasopressor/inotropic agents,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cousins |first1=Teresa R. |last2=O'Donnell |first2=John M. |date=August 2004 |title=Arterial cannulation: a critical review |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15354915 |journal=AANA Journal |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=267–271 |issn=0094-6354 |pmid=15354915}}</ref> and the usage of catheters with side holes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Owen |first1=David G. |last2=de Oliveira |first2=Diana C. |last3=Qian |first3=Shuang |last4=Green |first4=Naomi C. |last5=Shepherd |first5=Duncan E. T. |last6=Espino |first6=Daniel M. |date=2020-08-07 |editor-last=Tian |editor-first=Fang-Bao |title=Impact of side-hole geometry on the performance of hemodialysis catheter tips: A computational fluid dynamics assessment |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=e0236946 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0236946 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=7413473 |pmid=32764790|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1536946O |doi-access=free }}</ref>