Editing Brachial plexus (section)

==== Injuries during birth ====
Brachial plexus injuries can occur during the delivery of newborns when after the delivery of the head, the anterior shoulder of the infant cannot pass below the pubic symphysis without manipulation. This manipulation can cause the baby's shoulder to stretch, which can damage the brachial plexus to varying degrees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brachial_plexus/brachial_plexus.htm|title=Brachial Plexus Injuries Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=2016-11-28|archive-date=2016-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202230331/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brachial_plexus/brachial_plexus.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> This type of injury is referred to as [[shoulder dystocia]]. Shoulder dystocia can cause obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP), which is the actual injury to the brachial plexus. The incidence of OBPP in the United States is 1.5 per 1000 births, while it is lower in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland (0.42 per 1000 births).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Doumouchtsis|first1=Stergios K.|last2=Arulkumaran|first2=Sabaratnam|date=2009-09-01|title=Are all brachial plexus injuries caused by shoulder dystocia?|journal=Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey|volume=64|issue=9|pages=615–623|doi=10.1097/OGX.0b013e3181b27a3a|issn=1533-9866|pmid=19691859}}</ref> While there are no known risk factors for OBPP, if a newborn does have shoulder dystocia it increases their risk for OBPP 100-fold. Nerve damage has been connected to [[birth weight]] with larger [[newborns]] being more susceptible to the [[injury]] but it also has to do with the delivery methods. Although very hard to prevent during live [[birth]], doctors must be able to deliver a [[newborn]] with precise and gentle movements to decrease chances of injuring the child.