Editing California State University (section)

== Campuses ==
{{Location map+| California|width=400|float=right|caption=The 23 California State campuses|alt=A topographic map of California with the California State campuses marked|relief=yes|places={{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[San Jose State University|San José]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 37.335278 | lon_deg    = -121.898056 | position   = left| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[California State University, Chico|Chico]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 39.731667 | lon_deg    = -121.849444 | position   = left| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[San Diego State University|San Diego]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 32.775278 | lon_deg    = -117.072222 | position   = left| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[San Francisco State University|San Francisco]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 37.72318 | lon_deg    = -122.48056 | position   = left| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo|Cal Poly San Luis Obispo]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 35.301667 | lon_deg    = -120.659819 | position   = left| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[California State University, Fresno|Fresno]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 36.813333 | lon_deg    = -119.75 | position   = left| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt|Cal Poly Humboldt]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 40.875781 | lon_deg    = -124.078560 | position   = right| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[California State University Maritime Academy|Maritime]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 38.069444 | lon_deg    = -122.229722 | position   = right| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Lower|0.3em|{{Nowrap|[[California State Polytechnic University, Pomona|Cal Poly Pomona]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 34.056389 | lon_deg    = -117.821667 | position   = right| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.6em|{{Nowrap|[[California State University, Los Angeles|LA]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 34.066667 | lon_deg    = -118.167778 | position   = right| mark       =  }}
 {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[California State University, Sacramento|Sacramento]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 38.560278 | lon_deg    = -121.424167 | position   = left| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[California State University, Long Beach|Long Beach]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 33.73022 | lon_deg    = -118.112858 | position   = bottom| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Lower|0.5em|{{Nowrap|[[California State University, Fullerton|Fullerton]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 33.880556 | lon_deg    = -117.885278 | position   = right| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Lower|0.2em|{{Nowrap|[[California State University, Stanislaus|Stanislaus]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 37.525 | lon_deg    = -120.855833 | position   = right| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[California State University, East Bay|East Bay]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 37.656944 | lon_deg    = -122.057778 | position   = right| mark       =  }}
 {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[California State University, Northridge|Northridge]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 34.241667 | lon_deg    = -118.528333 | position   = top| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[California State University, Dominguez Hills|Dominguez Hills]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 33.864722 | lon_deg    = -118.256111 | position   = left| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[Sonoma State University|Sonoma]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 38.339722 | lon_deg    = -122.675278 | position   = left| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[California State University, San Bernardino|San Bernardino]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 34.1831 | lon_deg    = -117.3240 | position   = right| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[California State University, Bakersfield|Bakersfield]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 35.350 | lon_deg    = -119.104 | position   = right| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[California State University San Marcos|San Marcos]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 33.128333 | lon_deg    = -117.159444 | position   = right| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[California State University, Monterey Bay|Monterey Bay]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 36.653333 | lon_deg    = -121.796389 | position   = left| mark       =  }} {{Location map~ | California | label      = {{Raise|0.1em|{{Nowrap|[[California State University Channel Islands|Channel Islands]]}}}} | lat_deg    = 34.16205 | lon_deg    = -119.043572 | position   = left| mark       =  }}

}}
The CSU is composed of 23 campuses, of which 11 are located in [[Northern California]] and 12 in [[Southern California]]. The 23 campuses are listed here by order of the year founded:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Campus
!School Name
!Founded
!data-sort-type="number"|Enrollment <br />(Fall 2024)<ref name="Enrollment">{{Cite web |url=https://www.calstate.edu/csu-system/about-the-csu/facts-about-the-csu/enrollment |title=Enrollment}}</ref>
!Endowment<br />(Fiscal year 2023–24)<br />(millions)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public NCSE Tables |url=https://www.nacubo.org/Research/2024/Public-NCSE-Tables |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=www.nacubo.org}}</ref>
!Athletic<br />affiliation
!Athletic<br />Nickname<br />(Conference)
!data-sort-type="number"|''[[U.S. News & World Report|U.S.<br />News]]''<br />Rank
([[Western United States|West]], 2025)<ref>{{cite web |year=2024 |title=2025 Best Regional Universities West Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-west |access-date=October 2, 2024 |magazine=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2024 |title=2025 Best National University Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities |access-date=October 2, 2024 |magazine=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=2025 Best Regional Colleges West Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-colleges-west |access-date=October 2, 2024 |website=US News}}</ref>
!data-sort-type="number"|''[[The Washington Monthly|Washington<br />Monthly]]''<br />Rank<br />([[Master's degree|Master's, 2024]])<ref>{{cite web |year=2024 |title=2024 Master's University Rankings |url=https://washingtonmonthly.com/2024-college-guide/masters/ |access-date=October 2, 2024 |magazine=Washington Monthly}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |year=2024 |title=2024 Bachelor's Colleges Rankings |url=https://washingtonmonthly.com/2024-college-guide/bachelors/ |access-date=October 2, 2024 |magazine=Washington Monthly}}</ref>
!data-sort-type="number"|''[[Forbes]]''<br />Rank<br />(National, 2024)<ref>{{cite magazine |date=September 2024 |title=America's Top Colleges 2024-25 |url=https://www.forbes.com/top-colleges |magazine=Forbes}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Tower Hall - Morris Dailey Auditorium - San Jose State University.jpg|130x130px]] <br /> '''[[San Jose State University|San José]]'''
|San Jose State University
|1857
|33,158
|$203.63
|[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[NCAA Division I|D-I]]<br />(FBS)
|[[San Jose State Spartans|Spartans]]<br />[[Mountain West Conference|(MW)]]
|4
|51
|235
|-
|[[File:Chico State, Kendall Hall, in March 2020 (cropped).jpg|130px]] <br /> '''[[California State University, Chico|Chico]]'''
|California State University, Chico
|1887
|14,581
|$97.90
|NCAA [[NCAA Division II|D-II]]
|[[Chico State Wildcats|Wildcats]]<br />[[California Collegiate Athletic Association|(CCAA)]]
|20
|6
|204
|-
|[[File:SanDiegoStUniv EntranceBanner.jpg|130px]] <br /> '''[[San Diego State University|San Diego]]'''
|San Diego State University
|1897
|39,373
|$459.56
|NCAA D-I<br />(FBS)
|[[San Diego State Aztecs|Aztecs]]<br />[[Mountain West Conference|(MW)]]<br>([[Pac-12 Conference|Pac-12]] in 2026)
|nowrap|109<br />(Nat. Univ.)*
|99<br />(Nat. Univ.)*
|77
|-
|[[File:SFSU Library Nov 28, 2023.jpg|130x130px]] <br /> '''[[San Francisco State University|San Francisco]]'''
|San Francisco State University
|1899
|22,357
|$174.85
|NCAA D-II
|[[San Francisco State Gators|Gators]]<br />[[California Collegiate Athletic Association|(CCAA)]]
|204<br />(Nat. Univ.)*
|76<br />(Nat. Univ.)*
|137
|-
|[[File:Cal Poly Business School.jpg|130px]] <br /> '''[[California Polytechnic State University|San Luis Obispo]]'''
|California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
|1901
|22,842
|$296.45
|NCAA D-I<br />(FCS)
|[[Cal Poly Mustangs|Mustangs]]<br />[[Big West Conference|(Big West)]]
|1
|32
|57
|-
|[[File:Henry Madden Library (cropped2).jpg|130px]] <br /> '''[[California State University, Fresno|Fresno]]'''
|California State University, Fresno<br>''(Fresno State)''
|1911
|24,310
|$254.84
|NCAA D-I<br />(FBS)
|[[Fresno State Bulldogs|Bulldogs]]<br />[[Mountain West Conference|(MW)]]<br>([[Pac-12 Conference|Pac-12]] in 2026)
|nowrap|179<br />(Nat. Univ.)*
|22<br />(Nat. Univ.)*
|185
|-
|[[File:Humboldt State University Founders Hall.jpg|130x130px]] <br /> '''[[California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt|Humboldt]]'''<br>'''Arcata'''
|California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt
|1913
|6,045
|$44.06
|NCAA D-II
|[[Cal Poly Humboldt Lumberjacks|Lumberjacks]]<br />[[California Collegiate Athletic Association|(CCAA)]]
|32
|13
|N/A{{efn|group=campuses|Cal Poly Humboldt was not included in the ''Forbes'' Top Colleges list.}}
|-
|[[File:TS Golden Bear.JPG|130px]] <br /> '''[[California State University Maritime Academy|Maritime]]'''<br>'''Vallejo'''
|California State University Maritime Academy
(merging with Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo in 2025)
|1929
|804
|$19.16
|[[National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics|NAIA]]
|[[Cal Maritime Keelhaulers|Keelhaulers]]<br />[[California Pacific Conference|(Cal Pac)]]
|2 <br />(Reg. Coll.)^
|1<br />(Bach. Coll.)*
|327
|-
|[[File:W.K. Kellogg old stables at Cal Poly Pomona.png|130px]] <br /> '''[[California State Polytechnic University, Pomona|Pomona]]'''
|California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
|1938
|27,196
|$186.73
|NCAA D-II
|[[Cal Poly Pomona Broncos|Broncos]]<br />[[California Collegiate Athletic Association|(CCAA)]]
|3
|41
|255
|-
|[[File:Cal State University, Los Angeles.jpg|130px]] <br /> '''[[California State University, Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]'''
|California State University, Los Angeles
|1947
|22,740
|$62.52
|NCAA D-II
|[[Cal State Los Angeles Golden Eagles|Golden Eagles]]<br />[[California Collegiate Athletic Association|(CCAA)]]
|15
|3
|227
|-
|[[File:Sac State Library Quad.jpg|130px]] <br /> '''[[California State University, Sacramento|Sacramento]]'''
|California State University, Sacramento<br>''(Sacramento State)''
|1947
|30,883
|$86.42
|NCAA D-I<br />(FCS)
|[[Sacramento State Hornets|Hornets]]<br />[[Big Sky Conference|(Big Sky)]]
|27
|5
|341
|-
|[[File:Walter Pyramid.jpg|130x130px]] <br /> '''[[California State University, Long Beach|Long Beach]]'''
|California State University, Long Beach<br>''(Long Beach State)''
|1949
|41,189
|$132.91
|NCAA D-I<br />(non-football)
|{{sort|Beach|[[Long Beach State athletics|The Beach]]}}{{efn|group=campuses|Long Beach State fully rebranded its athletic program as "The Beach" in 2020–21, after transitioning from the former nickname of 49ers. The baseball team is also known as "Dirtbags".}}<br />[[Big West Conference|(Big West)]]
|109<br />(Nat. Univ.)*
|44<br />(Nat. Univ.)*
|89
|-
|[[File:Humanities and Social Sciences May 2010 Commencement (cropped).jpg|130px]] <br /> '''[[California State University, Fullerton|Fullerton]]'''
|California State University, Fullerton
|1957
|42,999
|$148.68
|NCAA D-I<br />(non-football)
|[[Cal State Fullerton Titans|Titans]]<br />[[Big West Conference|(Big West)]]
|136<br />(Nat. Univ.)*
|60<br />(Nat. Univ.)*
|100
|-
|[[File:CSUSbookstore (cropped).JPG|130px]] <br /> '''[[California State University, Stanislaus|Stanislaus]]'''
|California State University, Stanislaus
|1957
|9,295
|$20.53
|NCAA D-II
|[[Cal State Stanislaus Warriors|Warriors]]<br />[[California Collegiate Athletic Association|(CCAA)]]
|10
|7
|360
|-
|[[File:Core Campus Perspective, CSUEB.png|130px]] <br /> '''[[California State University, East Bay|East Bay]]'''<br>'''Hayward'''
|California State University, East Bay
|1957
|10,892
|$21.95
|NCAA D-II
|[[Cal State East Bay Pioneers|Pioneers]]<br />[[California Collegiate Athletic Association|(CCAA)]]
|273<br />(Nat. Univ.)*
|145<br />(Nat. Univ.)*
|369
|-
|[[File:Manzanitas Hall.JPG|130px]] <br /> '''[[California State University, Northridge|Northridge]]'''
|California State University, Northridge
|1958
|36,848
|$229.62
|NCAA D-I<br />(non-football)
|[[Cal State Northridge Matadors|Matadors]]<br />[[Big West Conference|(Big West)]]
|18
|4
|207
|-
|[[File:New-sci-innov-bldg.jpg|130px]] <br /> '''[[California State University, Dominguez Hills|Dominguez Hills]]'''<br>'''Carson'''
|California State University, Dominguez Hills
|1960
|14,262
|$26.55
|NCAA D-II
|[[Cal State Dominguez Hills Toros|Toros]]<br />[[California Collegiate Athletic Association|(CCAA)]]
|35
|8
|N/A{{efn|group=campuses|CSU Dominguez Hills was not included in the ''Forbes'' Top Colleges list.}}
|-
|[[File:SSU Rec Center 4627.png|130px]] <br /> '''[[Sonoma State University|Sonoma]]'''<br>'''Rohnert Park'''
|Sonoma State University
|1960
|5,784
|$70.47
|NCAA D-II
|[[Sonoma State Seawolves|Seawolves]]<br />[[California Collegiate Athletic Association|(CCAA)]]
|25
|80
|168
|-
|[[File:Pfau Library (cropped).JPG|130x130px]] <br /> '''[[California State University, San Bernardino|San Bernardino]]'''
|California State University, San Bernardino
|1965
|17,900
|$57.61
|NCAA D-II
|[[Cal State San Bernardino Coyotes|Coyotes]]<br />[[California Collegiate Athletic Association|(CCAA)]]
|171<br />(Nat. Univ.)*
|31<br />(Nat. Univ.)*
|425
|-
|[[File:Library CSUB (cropped).jpg|130px]] <br /> '''[[California State University, Bakersfield|Bakersfield]]'''
|California State University, Bakersfield
|1965
|10,036
|$42.74
|NCAA D-I<br />(non-football)
|[[Cal State Bakersfield Roadrunners|Roadrunners]]<br />[[Big West Conference|(Big West)]]
|30
|28
|295
|-
|[[File:Cal State San Marcos.jpg|130px]] <br /> '''[[California State University San Marcos|San Marcos]]'''
|California State University, San Marcos
|1989
|14,655
|$36.56
|NCAA D-II
|[[Cal State San Marcos Cougars|Cougars]]<br />[[California Collegiate Athletic Association|(CCAA)]]
|22
|38
|323
|-
|[[File:CSU Monterey Bay Library.jpg|130px]] <br /> '''[[California State University, Monterey Bay|Monterey Bay]]'''<br>'''Marina/Seaside'''
|California State University, Monterey Bay
|1994
|7,302
|$43.46
|NCAA D-II
|[[Cal State Monterey Bay Otters|Otters]]<br />[[California Collegiate Athletic Association|(CCAA)]]
|10
|29
|309
|-
|[[File:CSUCI-camarillo state hospital bell tower-schafphoto (cropped).jpg|129x129px]] <br /> '''[[California State University Channel Islands|Channel Islands]]'''<br>'''Camarillo'''
|California State University, Channel Islands
|2002
|4,880
|$35.09
|None
|[[Cal State Channel Islands Dolphins|Dolphins]]<br />(N/A)
|22
|87
|378
|}

{{Notelist|group=campuses}}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> ''U.S. News & World Report'' ranks several universities in the California State University system in the National Universities category as they offer several Ph.D. programs. The other universities are ranked in the Regional Universities (West) category as they offer few or no Ph.D. programs.

<nowiki>^</nowiki> Cal Maritime awards only undergraduate degrees and therefore is ranked separately from the other campuses of the California State University. It is ranked in the "Regional Colleges" category.<ref>[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-colleges-west Regional Colleges West Rankings | Top Regional Universities West | U.S. News Best Colleges]. Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. Retrieved on November 14, 2015.</ref>

=== Off campus branches ===
A few universities have established off-campus branches to increase education accessibility. These branches differ from typical university extension courses as they offer degree programs and students enjoy the same status as other California State University (CSU) students. Notably, the California State University, Channel Islands is the newest addition, having transitioned from an off-campus branch of CSU Northridge. As of Fall 2005, the total enrollment across all off-campus branches within the CSU system was 9,163 students, representing 2.2 percent of the systemwide enrollment. The following is a list of schools and their off-campus branches:[[File:California-maritime-academy-training-ship-golden-bear (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The ''[[Golden Bear (ship)|TS Golden Bear]]'' is the training ship of CSU Maritime Academy, based at [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]] in the [[Bay Area]].]]
[[File:CSUSB PalmDesertCampus.jpg|thumb|CSU San Bernardino's [[Palm Desert, California|Palm Desert]] campus in the [[Coachella Valley]].]]
[[File:Sacramento State Aquatic Center.jpg|thumb|right|Sacramento State Aquatic Center at [[Lake Natoma]], in [[Gold River, California|Gold River]].]]

*California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
**Cal Poly, Solano Campus (opening 2025)<ref name=":2" />
*California State University, Bakersfield
**Antelope Valley (in [[Lancaster, California]])
*California State University, Chico
**Redding (affiliated with Shasta College)
*California State University, Fullerton
**Garden Grove
**Irvine
*California State University, East Bay
**Concord
**Oakland (Professional & Conference Center)
*California State University, Fresno
**Visalia
*California State University, Los Angeles
**Downtown Los Angeles
*California State University, Monterey Bay
** Salinas (Professional & Conference Center)
*California State University, San Bernardino
**Palm Desert
*California State University, San Marcos
**Temecula/Murrieta
*San Diego State University
**[[San Diego State University Imperial Valley Campus|Imperial Valley]] (in [[Brawley, California]] and [[Calexico, California]])
**[[San Diego State University Georgia Campus|SDSU-Georgia]] (in [[Tbilisi]] in [[Georgia (country)|the former Soviet Republic of Georgia]])
*San Francisco State University
**Downtown Campus (in [[San Francisco, California]])
**Sierra Nevada Field Campus (in [[Calpine, California]])
**Romberg Tiburon Campus (in [[Tiburon, California]])
*California State University, Stanislaus
**Stockton, California<ref>[http://stockton.csustan.edu/ CSU Stanislaus | Stockton Center]. Stockton.csustan.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.</ref>
*CSU Maritime Academy
**[[Golden Bear (ship)|T.S. Golden Bear]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.csum.edu/About/GoldenState.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041116051321/http://www.csum.edu/About/GoldenState.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-11-16|title=Training Ship Golden State|date=2004-11-16|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref>

=== Laboratories and observatories ===
[[File:DesertStudiesCenterMainBuildingMarch2010 (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|The [[Desert Studies Center]] in [[Zzyzx, California|Zzyzx]].]]
[[File:MLO-1-npaci.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mount Laguna Observatory]] in the [[Laguna Mountains]].]]
Research facilities owned and operated by units of the CSU:

* [[Desert Studies Center]]
** Research consortium and field site managed by California State University, Fullerton<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biology.fullerton.edu/facilities/dsc/zzyzx.html |title=Desert Studies Center at Soda Springs |work=fullerton.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315192530/http://biology.fullerton.edu/facilities/dsc/zzyzx.html |archive-date=2006-03-15 }}</ref>
* [[Moss Landing Marine Laboratories]]
** Independent degree-granting campus managed by San Jose State University
** Oceanographic laboratory located in the [[Monterey Bay]] area<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlml.calstate.edu|title=Moss Landing Marine Labs|work=calstate.edu}}</ref>
*[[Murillo Family Observatory]]
**Newest research observatory in the [[Inland Empire (California)|San Bernardino Metropolitan Area]] and the CSU system. It is located in and managed by California State University, San Bernardino.<ref>[http://www.pe.com/local-news/san-bernardino-county/san-bernardino-county-headlines-index/20101209-san-bernardino-observatory-to-bring-the-universe-to-community.ece SAN BERNARDINO: Observatory to bring the universe to community | San Bernardino County News | PE.com – Press-Enterprise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022232943/http://www.pe.com/local-news/san-bernardino-county/san-bernardino-county-headlines-index/20101209-san-bernardino-observatory-to-bring-the-universe-to-community.ece |date=2013-10-22 }}. PE.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.</ref>
* [[Southern California Marine Institute]]
** Oceanographic laboratory in the [[Los Angeles Basin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scmi.net/ |title=Southern California Marine Institute |website=scmi.net|access-date=2017-11-02}}</ref>
* [[Mount Laguna Observatory]]
** Astronomical observatory part of the Astronomy Department of San Diego State University<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mintaka.sdsu.edu|title=San Diego State University Department of Astronomy|website=Sdsu.edu|access-date=2016-12-04}}</ref>
* Telonicher Marine Laboratory at [[Cal Poly Humboldt]] in Trinidad, CA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hsumarinelab.org/|title=HSU Marine Lab|work=humboldt.edu}}</ref>
** Marine research laboratory on the North California coast
** Home of the research vessel RV Coral Sea