Editing Cardiac output (section)

===Impedance cardiography===

[[Impedance cardiography]] (often abbreviated as ICG, or Thoracic Electrical Bioimpedance (TEB)) measures changes in [[electrical impedance]] across the thoracic region over the cardiac cycle. Lower impedance indicates greater intrathoracic fluid volume and blood flow. By synchronizing fluid volume changes with the heartbeat, the change in impedance can be used to calculate stroke volume, cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.5617/jeb.51 |url=https://www.journals.uio.no/index.php/bioimpedance/article/view/51 |first1=Donald P |last1=Bernstein |year=2010 |title=Impedance cardiography: Pulsatile blood flow and the biophysical and electrodynamic basis for the stroke volume equations |journal=Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance |volume=1 |pages=2–17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017150340/https://www.journals.uio.no/index.php/bioimpedance/article/view/51 |archive-date=17 October 2015|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Both invasive and non-invasive approaches are used.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Costa PD, Rodrigues PP, Reis AH, Costa-Pereira A | title = A review on remote monitoring technology applied to implantable electronic cardiovascular devices | journal = Telemedicine Journal and e-Health | volume = 16 | issue = 10 | pages = 1042–50 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21070132 | doi = 10.1089/tmj.2010.0082 }}</ref> The reliability and validity of the non-invasive approach has gained some acceptance,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tang WH, Tong W | title = Measuring impedance in congestive heart failure: current options and clinical applications | journal = American Heart Journal | volume = 157 | issue = 3 | pages = 402–11 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19249408 | pmc = 3058607 | doi = 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.10.016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferrario CM, Flack JM, Strobeck JE, Smits G, Peters C | title = Individualizing hypertension treatment with impedance cardiography: a meta-analysis of published trials | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–16 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20042450 | doi = 10.1177/1753944709348236 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moshkovitz Y, Kaluski E, Milo O, Vered Z, Cotter G | title = Recent developments in cardiac output determination by bioimpedance: comparison with invasive cardiac output and potential cardiovascular applications | journal = Current Opinion in Cardiology | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 229–37 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15096956 | doi = 10.1097/00001573-200405000-00008 | s2cid = 28996732 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Parry MJ, McFetridge-Durdle J | title = Ambulatory impedance cardiography: a systematic review | journal = Nursing Research | volume = 55 | issue = 4 | pages = 283–91 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16849981 | doi = 10.1097/00006199-200607000-00009 | s2cid = 28726590 }}</ref> although there is not complete agreement on this point.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang DJ, Gottlieb SS | title = Impedance cardiography: more questions than answers | journal = Current Heart Failure Reports | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 107–13 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16914102 | doi = 10.1007/s11897-006-0009-7 | s2cid = 31094943 }}</ref> The clinical use of this approach in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of a variety of diseases continues.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ventura HO, Taler SJ, Strobeck JE | title = Hypertension as a hemodynamic disease: the role of impedance cardiography in diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic decision making | journal = American Journal of Hypertension | volume = 18 | issue = 2 Pt 2 | pages = 26S–43S | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15752931 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.11.002 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Non-invasive ICG equipment includes the Bio-Z Dx,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sonosite.com/products/bioz-dx |title=BioZ Dx Diagnostics System &#124; Sonosite Inc |access-date=2010-11-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203072604/https://www.sonosite.com/products/bioz-dx |archive-date=3 December 2010}}{{Verify source|date=March 2011}}{{psc|date=October 2014}}</ref> the Niccomo,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Niccomo – Non-Invasive Continuous Cardiac Output Monitor|url = https://www.medis-de.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=49|website = www.medis-de.com|access-date = 2015-06-01|publisher = medis. GmbH Ilmenau.|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151017150340/https://www.medis-de.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=49|archive-date = 17 October 2015}}</ref> and TEBCO products by BoMed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bomed.us/tebco.html |title=OEM Module TEBCO |access-date=2015-05-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150524202336/https://bomed.us/tebco.html |archive-date=24 May 2015}} TEBCO OEM</ref><ref>bomed.us/ext-teb.html EXT-TEBCO</ref>