Editing Chartism (section)

==Legacy==
[[Image:Holberry2068.jpg|thumb|A plaque commemorating [[Samuel Holberry]] in Sheffield's Peace Gardens, by [[Ieuan Rees]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sources for the Study of Chartism in Sheffield |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/sites/default/files/docs/libraries-and-archives/archives-and-local-studies/research/Chartism%20Study%20Guide%20v1-1.pdf |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref>]]
[[File:Newportx1.JPG|right|thumb|Former [[Chartist Mural]] in Newport commemorating the uprising]]

Malcolm Chase argues that Chartism was not, "a movement that failed but a movement characterized by multiplicity of small victories." Moreover, eventually "Chartism collapsed, but ''Chartists'' did not."<ref>Malcolm Chase, ''The Chartists: perspectives and legacies'' (2015) pp 1–2, 106.</ref>

===Eventual reforms===
Chartism did not directly generate any reforms. However, after 1848, as the movement faded, its demands appeared less threatening and were gradually enacted by other reformers.<ref>Margot C. Finn, ''After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics 1848–1874'' (2004)</ref> Middle-class [[Radicals (UK)|parliamentary Radicals]] continued to press for an extension of the franchise in such organisations as the National Parliamentary and Financial Reform Association and the Reform Union. By the late 1850s, the celebrated [[John Bright]] was agitating in the country for franchise reform. But working-class radicals had not gone away. The Reform League campaigned for manhood suffrage in the 1860s and included former Chartists in its ranks.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Origins of the Twenty-First Century|author=Gabriel Tortella|year=2010|page=88}}</ref>

In 1867 part of the urban working men was admitted to the franchise under the [[Reform Act 1867]], and in 1918 full manhood suffrage was achieved. Other points of the People's Charter were granted: secret voting was introduced in 1872 and the payment of MPs in 1911.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/faqs/house-of-commons-faqs/members-faq-page2/#jump-link-15|title=Frequently Asked Questions: MPs - UK Parliament}}</ref> Annual elections remain the only Chartist demand not to be implemented.<ref>[https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/chartists/case-study/the-right-to-vote/the-chartists-and-birmingham/the-chartist-legacy/ ''The Chartist Legacy'', Parliament.UK'']</ref>

===Enabling political progressions===
Political elites{{vague|date=June 2021}} feared the Chartists in the 1830s and 1840s as a dangerous threat to national stability.<ref>Robert Saunders, "Chartism from above: British elites and the interpretation of Chartism", ''Historical Research'', (2008) 81#213 pp&nbsp;463–484</ref> In the Chartist stronghold of Manchester, the movement undermined the political power of the old Tory-Anglican elite that had controlled civic affairs. But the reformers of Manchester were themselves factionalised.<ref>Michael J. Turner, "Local Politics and the Nature of Chartism: The Case of Manchester", ''Northern History'', (2008), 45#2 pp&nbsp;323–345</ref> Chartism has also been seen as a forerunner to the [[Labour Party (UK)|UK Labour Party]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/oct/05/occupy-movement-legacy-chartism|title=Before we decide to write off the Occupy movement, let's consider the legacy of the Chartists|author=Giles Fraser|date=2012-10-05|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

===Development of working class confidence===
Participation in the Chartist Movement filled some working men with self-confidence: they learned to speak publicly, to send their poems and other writings off for publication—to be able, in short, to confidently articulate the feelings of working people. Many former Chartists went on to become journalists, poets, ministers, and councillors.<ref>Emma Griffin, "The making of the Chartists: popular politics and working-class autobiography in early Victorian Britain," English Historical Review, 538, June 2014 [http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/05/23/ehr.ceu078 in EHR]{{dead link|date=May 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Colonies===
{{Eureka Rebellion sidebar}}

Chartism was also an important influence in some British colonies. Some leaders were punished by transportation to Australia, where they spread their beliefs. In 1854, Chartist demands were put forward by the miners at the [[Eureka Stockade]] on the [[gold]] fields at [[Ballarat, Victoria|Ballarat]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]. Within two years of the military suppression of the Eureka revolt, the first elections of the Victoria parliament were held, with near-universal male suffrage and by secret ballot<ref>Geoffrey Serle, ''The Golden Age: A History of the Colony of Victoria'' (1963) ch 9</ref> (and with the successful use of secret voting in Australia, it spread to the UK and Canada in the 1870s, and later gradually to the U.S.)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp2223/120FranchiseActSymposium | title=120th Anniversary of the 1902 Franchise and Electoral Acts: Proceedings of a Parliamentary Library Symposium }}</ref>

It has been argued that Chartist influence in Australia led to other reforms in the late 19th century and well into the 20th century, including [[women's suffrage]], relatively short three-year parliamentary terms, [[instant-runoff voting|preferential voting]] ([[instant-runoff voting]]), [[compulsory voting]] and [[single transferable vote]] [[proportional representation]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Judith |last=Brett |title=From Secret Ballot to Democracy Sausage: How Australia Got Compulsory Voting |publisher=Text Publishing Co |year=2019 |isbn=978-1925603842}}</ref>

In the African colonies after 1920, there were occasional appearances of a "colonial Chartism" that called for improved welfare, upgraded education, freedom of speech, and greater political representation for native people.<ref>Barbara Bush, ''Imperialism, race, and resistance: Africa and Britain, 1919–1945'' (1999) p. 261</ref>