Editing Chinese space program (section)

=== NASA's policy excluding Chinese state affiliates ===
{{Further|Wolf Amendment}}
The [[Cox Report]], released in 1999, alleged that following decades of intelligence operations against U.S. weapons laboratories conducted by the [[Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of State Security]], [[Chinese espionage in the United States|China stole]] design information regarding advanced [[thermonuclear weapon]]s. In 2011, Congress passed a law prohibiting [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NASA]] researchers from working with [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] citizens affiliated with a Chinese state enterprise or entity without FBI certification or using NASA funds to host Chinese visitors.<ref name="justice1">{{citation|first1=Virginia |last1=Seitz |title=Memorandum Opinion for the General Counsel, Office of Science and Technology Policy |url=https://www.justice.gov/olc/2011/conduct-diplomacy.pdf |journal=Office of Legal Counsel |volume=35 |date=11 September 2011 |access-date=23 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713080223/http://www.justice.gov/olc/2011/conduct-diplomacy.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2012 }}</ref> In March 2013, the U.S. Congress passed legislation barring Chinese nationals from entering NASA facilities without a waiver from NASA.<ref name="guardiannasa">{{cite news|last=Ian Sample|title=US scientists boycott Nasa conference over China ban|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/oct/05/us-scientists-boycott-nasa-china-ban|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=5 October 2013|date=2013-10-05}}</ref>

The history of the U.S. exclusion policy can be traced back to the [[Cox Report]]'s allegations that the technical information that American companies provided China for its commercial satellite ended up improving Chinese intercontinental ballistic missile technology.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/a23402/will-nasa-ever-work-with-china/|title=Will NASA Ever Work With China?|last1=Oberhaus|first1=Daniel|date=October 18, 2016|website=Popular Mechanic|access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref> This was further aggravated in 2007 when China blew up a defunct meteorological satellite in [[low Earth orbit]] to test a ground-based [[Anti-satellite weapon|anti-satellite (ASAT) missile]]. The debris created by the explosion contributed to the [[Space debris|space junk]] that litter Earth's orbit, exposing other nations' space assets to the risk of accidental collision.<ref name=":3" /> The United States also fears the Chinese application of dual-use space technology for nefarious purposes.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The Ashgate Research Companion to Chinese Foreign Policy|last1=Kavalski|first1=Emilian|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781409422709|location=Oxon|pages=404}}</ref>

The Chinese response to the exclusion policy involved its own space policy of opening up its space station to the outside world, welcoming scientists coming from all countries.<ref name=":4" /> American scientists have also boycotted NASA conferences due to its rejection of Chinese nationals in these events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/oct/05/us-scientists-boycott-nasa-china-ban|title=US scientists boycott Nasa conference over China ban|last1=Sample|first1=Ian|date=2013-10-05|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref>