Editing Chuvash language (section)

== Writing systems ==

===Official===
Letters in '''bold''' are solely used in loanwords. 
{| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[А]] а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ӑ]] ӑ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Б]]''' '''б'''
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[В]] в
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Г]]''' '''г'''
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Д]]''' '''д'''
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Е]] е
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Ё]]''' '''ё'''
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ӗ]] ӗ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Ж]]''' '''ж'''
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[З]]''' '''з'''
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[И]] и
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Й]] й
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[К]] к
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Л]] л
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[М]] м
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Н]] н
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[О]]''' '''о'''
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[П]] п
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Р]] р
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[С]] с
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ҫ]] ҫ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Т]] т
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[У]] у
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ӳ]] ӳ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Ф]]''' '''ф'''
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Х]] х
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Ц]]''' '''ц'''
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ч]] ч
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ш]] ш
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Щ]]''' '''щ'''
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Ъ]]''' '''ъ'''
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ы]] ы
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ь]] ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Э]] э
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ю]] ю
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Я]] я
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==== Latin alphabet ====
Latin alphabet used by Chuvash people living in the USA and Europe, used for the convenience of writing Chuvash words:
{| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Aa
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ăă
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Bb
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Cc
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Çç
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Dd
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ее
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ĕĕ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ff
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Gg
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Hh
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ii
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Jj
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Kk
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ll
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Mm
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Nn
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Oo
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Pp
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Rr
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ss
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Şş
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Šš
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Tt
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Uu
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Üü
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ww
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Zz
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Žž 
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Je
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ju
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ja
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Jo
|}

Examples of written text:

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin alphabet !! Chuvash alphabet !! Meaning
|-
| Çĕkĕntĕr || Чӗкӗнтӗр || beet
|-
| Çul || Чул || stone 
|-
|Çüreçe || Чӳрече || window
|-
|Şĕmĕrt ||   Ҫӗмӗрт || bird cherry
|-
| Şăkăr || Ҫӑкӑр || bread
|-
| Šură || Шурӑ || white
|-
| Šăl || Шӑл || tooth
|-
| Šapa || Шапа || frog
|-
| Üpĕte || Ӳпӗте || monkey
|-
| Ükerçĕk || Ӳкерчӗк || drawing
|-
| Žiraf || Жираф || giraffe
|-
| Žuk || Жук || beatle
|-
| Žjuri ||Жюри || jury
|-
| Energi || Энерги ||  energy
|-
| Etem || Этем  || human
|-
| Epir ||  Эпир  || we
|-
| Juman || Юман  || oak
|-
| Jur || Юр || snow
|-
| Jalav || Ялав  || flag
|-
| Japala ||  Япала  || thing
|-
| Jomkăş || Ёмкӑҫ || container
|-
| Joršik || Ёршик || brush
|-
| Văjlă || Вӑйлӑ  || strong
|-
| Vişşĕ || Виҫҫӗ || three
|-
|Jermikke
|Ермикке
|market
|-
|Ješĕl
|Ешӗл
|green
|-
|Cunami
|Цунами
|tsunami
|}

<big>'''Transliteration'''</big> '''<big>of</big> <big>the Chuvash alphabet</big>'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Transliteration of Chuvash writing system |date=2006-10-19 |title= |url=http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Chuvash.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019003809/http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Chuvash.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2006 |access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Name
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!KNAB<ref>{{Cite web |title=KNAB: kohanimeandmebaasi avaleht |url=http://www.eki.ee/knab/knab.htm |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=www.eki.ee}}</ref> 1995      
!ALA-LC<ref>{{Cite web |title=ALA-LC Romanization Tables |url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=www.loc.gov}}</ref> 1997       
!Edward Allworth<ref>{{Cite book |last=Allworth |first=Edward |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/allw92088 |title=Nationalities of the Soviet East Publications and Writing Systems |date=1971-12-31 |isbn=9780231886963 |doi=10.7312/allw92088}}</ref>  1971 
!ISO 
System A 
!ISO 
System B
!'''Turkkălla'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=cvlat2 - СVLat |url=https://sites.google.com/site/cavashlat/cvlat2 |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=sites.google.com}}</ref>
!'''Ivanof'''
!Argadu
! CVLat  '''1.1'''
'''2007'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Chuvash Latin Script |url=https://en.chuvash.org/e/43687576617368204c6174696e20536372697074 |website=chuvash.org}}</ref>
! Notes

|-
| [[A (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|А а}}]]
| a
| {{IPAslink|a}}~{{IPAslink|ɑ}}
| Aa
| Aa
| Aa
| Aa
| Aa
| Aa
| Aa
|Aa
| Aa
|
|-
| [[A with breve (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ӑ ӑ}}]]
| ă
| {{IPAslink|ɤ̆}}, {{IPAslink|ə}}, {{IPAslink|ɒ}}
| Ää
| Ăă
| Ăă
| Ăă
| Ăă
| Ĭĭ
| Ah;ah
|Oo
| Ăă
| 
|-
| [[Be (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Б б}}]]
| бӑ
| {{IPAslink|b}}
| Bb
| Bb
| Bb
| Bb
| Bb
| Bb
| Bb
|Pp
| Pp
| only in Russian loanwords
|-
| [[Ve (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|В в}}]]
| вӑ
| {{IPAslink|ʋ}}~{{IPAslink|w}}, {{IPAslink|v}} (in non-Chuvash loanwords)
| Vv
| Vv
| Vv
| Vv
| Vv
| Vv
| Vv
|Vv
| Vv
|
|-
| [[Ge (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Г г}}]]
| гӑ
| {{IPAslink|ɡ}}
| Gg
| Gg
| Gg
| Gg
| Gg
| Gg
| Gg
|Kk
| Kk
| only in Russian loanwords
|-
| [[De (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Д д}}]]
| дӑ
| {{IPAslink|d}}
| Dd
| Dd
| Dd
| Dd
| Dd
| Dd
| Dd
|Tt
| Tt
| only in Russian loanwords
|-
| [[Ye (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Е е}}]]
| Ee
| {{IPAslink|ɛ}}
| Ye-;ye-;-e-
| Ee
| Je-;je-;-e-
| Ee
| Ee
| Ye-;ye-;-e-
| Je-;je-;-e-
|Ye-; ye-; -e-
| Je-;je-;-e-
|
|-
| [[Yo (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ё ё}}]]
| ё
| {{nowrap|{{IPA|/{{IPAplink|j}}{{IPAplink|o}}/}}}} or {{nowrap|{{IPA|/{{IPAplink|ʲ}}{{IPAplink|o}}/}}}}
| Yo-, yo-, -o-
| Ëë
| Ëë
| Ëë
| Yo-, yo-, -o-
| Yo-, yo-, -o-
| Jo-, jo-, -o-
|Yo-; yo-; -o-
| Jo-, jo-, -o-
| only in Russian loanwords
|-
| [[Ye with breve|{{nowrap|Ӗ ӗ}}]]
| ӗ
| {{IPAslink|ɘ}} (ɘ~ø)
| Ӗӗ
| Ӗӗ
| Öö
| Ӗӗ
|
| I̐ĭ̇
| Eh;eh
|Öö
| Ӗӗ
| e'
|-
| [[Zhe (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ж ж}}]]
| жӑ
| {{IPAslink|ʒ}}
| Zh;zh
| Zh;zh
| Žž
| Žž
| Zh;zh
| Jj
| Qq
|Şş
| Šš
| only in Russian loanwords
|-
| [[Ze (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|З з}}]]
| зӑ
| {{IPAslink|z}}
| Zz
| Zz
| Zz
| Zz
| Zz
| Zz
| Zh;zh
|Ss
| Ss
| only in Russian loanwords
|-
| [[I (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|И и}}]]
| и
| {{IPAslink|i}}
| Ii
| Ii
| Ii
| Ii
| Ii
| Ii
| Ii
|İi
| Ii
|
|-
| [[Short I|{{nowrap|Й й}}]]
| йӑ
| {{IPAslink|j}}
| Yy
| Ĭı̆
| Jj
| Jj
| Jj
| Yy
| Jj
|Yy
| Jj
|
|-
| [[Ka (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|К к}}]]
| кӑ
| {{IPAslink|k}}, {{IPA|/kʲ/}} (c), {{IPA|/k̬ʲ/}} (gʲ, ɟ)
| Kk
| Kk
| Kk
| Kk
| Kk
| Kk
| Kk
|Kk
| Kk
|
|-
| [[El (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Л л}}]]
| лӑ
| {{IPAslink|l}}~{{IPAslink|ɫ}}, {{IPA|/lʲ/}} (ʎ)
| Ll
| Ll
| Ll
| Ll
| Ll
| Ll
| Ll
|Ll, Ly
| Ll, lĭ/l'
| Ll
|-
| [[Em (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|М м}}]]
| мӑ
| {{IPAslink|m}}
| Mm
| Mm
| Mm
| Mm
| Mm
| Mm
| Mm
|Mm
| Mm
|
|-
| [[En (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Н н}}]]
| нӑ
| {{IPAslink|n}}, {{IPA|/nʲ/}} (ɲ)
| Nn
| Nn
| Nn
| Nn
| Nn
| Nn
| Nn
|Nn
| Nn, nĭ/n'
| Nn
|-
| [[O (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|О о}}]]
| о
| {{IPAslink|o}}
| Oo
| Oo
| Oo
| Oo
| Oo
| Oo
| Oo
|Oo
| Oo
| 
|-
| [[Pe (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|П п}}]]
| пӑ
| {{IPAslink|p}}, {{IPA|/p̬/}} (b)
| Pp
| Pp
| Pp
| Pp
| Pp
| Pp
| Pp
|Pp
| Pp
|
|-
| [[Er (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Р р}}]]
| рӑ
| {{IPAslink|r}}~{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
| Rr
| Rr
| Rr
| Rr
| Rr
| Rr
| Rr
|Rr
| Rr
| Rr
|-
| [[Es (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|С с}}]]
| сӑ
| {{IPAslink|s}}, {{IPA|/s̬/}} (z)
| Ss
| Ss
| Ss
| Ss
| Ss
| Ss
| Ss
|Ss
| Ss
|
|-
| [[The (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ҫ ҫ}}]]
| ҫӑ
| {{IPAslink|ɕ}}, {{IPA|/ɕ̬/}} (ʑ)
| S';s'
| Śś
| Śś
| Şş
|
| Ş́ş́
| Cc
|Cc
| Şş
| Şş
|-
| [[Te (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Т т}}]]
| тӑ
| {{IPAslink|t}}, {{IPA|/tʲ/}}, {{IPA|/t̬ʲ/}} (dʲ), {{IPA|/t̬/}} (d)
| Tt
| Tt
| Tt
| Tt
| Tt
| Tt
| Tt
|Tt
| Tt, tĭ/t'
|
|-
| [[U (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|У у}}]]
| у
| {{IPAslink|u}}, {{IPA|/̯u/}} (o)
| Uu
| Uu
| Uu
| Uu
| Uu
| Uu
| Uu
|Uu
| Uu
|
|-
| [[U with double acute (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ӳ ӳ}}]]
| ӳ
| {{IPAslink|y}}
| Üü
| U̇u̇
| Üü
| Űű
|
| Üü
| Uh;uh
|Üü
| Üü
| U';u'
|-
| [[Ef (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ф ф}}]]
| фӑ
| {{IPAslink|f}}, {{IPA|/̯f̬/}} (v)
| Ff
| Ff
| Ff
| Ff
| Ff
| Ff
| Ff
|Ff
| Ff
| only in Russian loanwords
|-
| [[Kha (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Х х}}]]
| хӑ
| {{IPAslink|χ}}, {{IPA|/χʲ/}}, {{IPA|/χ̃/}} (ɣ), {{IPA|/χ̃ʲ/}} (ɣʲ)
| Kh;kh
| Kh;kh
| Hh
| Hh
| Xx
| Hh
| Xx
|Xx
| Hh & Xx
|
|-
| [[Tse (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ц ц}}]]
| цӑ
| {{IPAslink|ʦ}}, (dz)
| Ts;ts
| Ts;ts
| Cc
| Cc
| Cz;cz
|
| Zz
|ts
| Zz
| only in Russian loanwords
|-
| [[Che (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ч ч}}]]
| чӑ
| {{IPAslink|ʨ}}, (ʥ)
| Ch;ch
| Ch;ch
| Čč
| Čč
| Ch;ch
| Çç
| Ch;ch
|Çç
| Cc
|
|-
| [[Sha (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ш ш}}]]
| шӑ
| {{IPAslink|ʃ}}, (ʒ)
| Sh;sh
| Sh;sh
| Šš
| Šš
| Sh;sh
| Şş
|
|Şş
| Šš
|
|-
| [[Shcha|{{nowrap|Щ щ}}]]
| щӑ
| {{IPAslink|ɕː}}
| Shch;shch
| Shch;shch
| Šč;šč
| Ŝŝ
| Shh;shh
|
| Th;th
|Şş
| Şş 
| only in Russian loanwords
|-
| [[Yer|{{nowrap|Ъ ъ}}]]
| хытӑлӑх палли
| –
|
| ”
| "
| “
| ``
|
|
|
| -j-
| only in Russian loanwords. Placed after a consonant, acts as a "silent back vowel"; puts a distinct {{IPAslink|j}} sound in front of the following [[iotation|iotated]]: Е, Ё, Ю, Я vowels with no [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]] of the preceding consonant
|-
| [[Yery|{{nowrap|Ы ы}}]]
| ы
| {{IPAslink|ɯ}}
| Ïï
| Yy
| Yy
| Yy
| Y';y'
| Iı
| Yy
|Iı
| Yy
| only in beginning of words, 1-2 letters
|-
| [[Soft sign|{{nowrap|Ь ь}}]]
| ҫемҫелӗх палли
| {{IPAslink|ʲ}}
| ’
| ’
| -j-;'
| ’
| `
|
|
|
| ‘
| Placed after a consonant, acts as a "silent front vowel", slightly [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalizes]] the preceding consonant
|-
| [[E (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Э э}}]]
| э
| {{IPAslink|e}}
| Ëë
| Ėė
| Èè
| Èè
| E';e'
| Ee
| Ee
|Ee
| Ee
| only first letter
|-
| [[Yu (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ю ю}}]]
| ю
| {{nowrap|{{IPA|/{{IPAplink|j}}{{IPAplink|u}}/}}}} or {{nowrap|{{IPA|/{{IPA|ʲ}}{{IPAplink|u}}/}}}}
| Yŭ-;yŭ-
| Iu-;iu-
| Ju-;ju-
| Ûû
| Yu-;yu-
| Yu-;yu-
| Ju-;ju-
|Yu-; yu-
| Ju-;ju-, -‘u-
|
|-
| [[Ya (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Я я}}]]
| я
| {{IPA|/{{IPAplink|j}}{{IPAplink|a}}/}} or {{nowrap|{{IPA|/{{IPAplink|ʲ}}{{IPAplink|a}}/}}}}
| Yă-;yă-
| Ia-;ia-
| Ja-;ja-
| Ââ
| Ya-;ya-
| Ya-;ya-
| Ja-;ja-
|Ya-; ya-
| Ja-;ja-, -‘a-
|
|}

===1873–1938===
{{Expand language|langcode=cv|section=yes|otherarticle=Т́ъваш ад́изен̀е с̀ыръва в̀ьр̀ен̀м̀ел̀л̀и к̀н̀ег̀е}}[[File:Chuvalf3.gif|left|thumb|The initial alphabet of Ivan Yakovlev, with 47 letters.]]
[[File:Chuvash alphabet 1873-1938.JPG|thumb|Yakovlev's revised alphabet]]
The modern Chuvash alphabet was devised in 1873 by school inspector [[Ivan Yakovlev (educator)|Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Telegram to the Chairman of the Simbirsk Soviet |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1918/apr/20.htm |access-date=30 August 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Chuvash 1873 alphabet in cursive in Букварь для чуваш, 1917, p. 21.jpg|thumb|Cursive]]
{| class="CTchar"
| а || е || ы || и/і || у || [[ӳ]] || [[ӑ]] || [[ӗ]] || й || в || к || л || [[El with middle hook|ԡ]] || м || н || [[En with middle hook|ԣ]] || п || р || [[р́]] || с || ҫ || т ||  [[т̌]] ||[[Te with middle hook|ꚋ]]|| х || ш
|}

In 1938, the alphabet underwent significant modification which brought it to its current form.

===Previous systems===
The most ancient writing system, known as the [[Old Turkic alphabet]], disappeared after the [[Volga Bulgaria|Volga Bulgars]] converted to Islam. Later, the [[Arabic script]] was adopted. After the [[Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria|Mongol invasion]], writing degraded. After [[Peter the Great]]'s reforms Chuvash elites disappeared, blacksmiths and some other crafts were prohibited for non-Russian nations, the Chuvash were educated in Russian, while writing in runes recurred with simple folk.<ref>{{cite web |title=Древнечувашская руническая письменность |url=http://nasledie.nbchr.ru/nasledie/yazyk/runicheskaja-pismennost |work=Трофимов А.А |publisher=Национальная библиотека Чувашской Республики}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Язык – основа национальной культуры |url=http://nasledie.nbchr.ru/nasledie/yazyk/ |publisher=Национальная библиотека Чувашской Республики}}</ref>