Editing Cluj-Napoca (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Cluj-Napoca by Sentinel-2, 2020-07-02.jpg|left|thumb|Satellite image of Cluj-Napoca]]
[[File:Kaszinó 04.JPG|thumb|left|Old casino in the [[Cluj-Napoca Central Park|Central Park]]]]
[[File:Banks Somes Cluj 1.jpg|thumb|The banks of the [[Someșul Mic]]]]
[[File:Cluj - Botanic Garden (22201474100).jpg|thumb|The Japanese garden within the [[Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden|local botanical garden]]]]
Cluj-Napoca, located in the central part of [[Transylvania]], has a surface area of {{convert|179.5|km2|sqmi}}. The city lies at the confluence of the [[Apuseni Mountains]], the Someș plateau and the Transylvanian plain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geografia județului Cluj |url=http://www.cluj.insse.ro/cmscluj/rw/pages/geogr.ro.do |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129204044/http://www.cluj.insse.ro/cmscluj/rw/pages/geogr.ro.do |archive-date=29 November 2007 |access-date=2008-03-15 |publisher=INSSE – Direcția Regională de Statistică Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> It sprawls over the valleys of [[Someșul Mic]] and [[Nadăș River (Someș)|Nadăș]], and, to some extent over the secondary valleys of the Popești, Chintău, Borhanci and Popii rivers.<ref name="Lukács-2005"/><ref name="Cluj-Napoca City Hall">{{Cite web |title=Amenajarea teritoriului, urbanism, infrastructură |trans-title=Spatial planning, urbanism, infrastructure |url=http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/docs/propiecte%20dezbateri/strategie/Anexa%2010%20-%20INFRASTRUCTURA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408202135/http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/docs/propiecte%20dezbateri/strategie/Anexa%2010%20-%20INFRASTRUCTURA.pdf |archive-date=2008-04-08 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Cluj-Napoca City Hall |language=ro}}</ref> The southern part of the city occupies the upper terrace of the northern slope of [[Feleacu|Feleac]] Hill, and is surrounded on three sides by hills or mountains with heights between {{convert|500|m|ft}} and {{convert|700|m|ft}}.<ref name="Cluj-Napoca City Hall"/> The Someș plateau is situated to the east, while the northern part of town includes ''Dealurile Clujului'' ("the Hills of Cluj"), with the peaks, Lombului ({{Convert|684|m|abbr=on}}), Dealul Melcului ({{Convert|617|m|abbr=on}}), Techintău ({{Convert|633|m|abbr=on}}), Hoia ({{Convert|506|m|abbr=on}}) and Gârbău ({{Convert|570|m|abbr=on}}).<ref name="Lukács-2005"/> Other hills are located in the western districts, and the hills of Calvaria and [[Cetățuia, Cluj-Napoca|Cetățuia]] (''Belvedere'') are located near the centre of city.

Built on the banks of the river Someșul Mic, the city is also crossed over by brooks or streams such as ''Pârâul Țiganilor'', ''Pârâul Popești'', ''Pârâul Nădășel'', ''Pârâul Chintenilor'', ''Pârâul Becaș'', ''Pârâul Murătorii''; ''[[Canalul Morilor, Cluj-Napoca|Canalul Morilor]]'' runs through the centre of town.<ref name="Lukács-2005">Lukács 2005, pp.9–11</ref>

A wide variety of flora grow in the [[Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden]]; some animals have also found refuge there. The city has a number of other parks, of which the largest is the [[Cluj-Napoca Central Park|Central Park]]. This park was founded during the 19th century and includes an artificial lake with an island, as well as the largest casino in the city, ''Chios''. Other notable parks in the city are the [[Iuliu Hațieganu]] Park of the [[Babeș-Bolyai University]], which features some sport facilities, the [[Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu|Hașdeu]] Park, within the eponymous student housing district, the high-elevation Cetățuia, and the Opera Park, behind the building of the [[Romanian National Opera, Cluj-Napoca|Cluj-Napoca Romanian Opera]].

===Surroundings===
[[File:View of the Turda gorge from the eastern approach, Romania, 2017.jpg|left|thumb|[[Turda Gorges]] (south-east of Cluj) seen from the west end]]
[[File:Anexa castelul Banffy.JPG|thumb|left|[[Bonțida Bánffy Castle|Bánffy Castle]] (north-east of Cluj) is currently being restored.]]
[[File:Magyargyerőmonostori utcarészlet.jpg|thumb|right|Typical rural houses in [[Mănăstireni]], west of Cluj.]]

The city is surrounded by forests and grasslands. Rare species of plants, such as [[Calypso orchid|Venus's slipper]] and [[Iris (plant)|iris]], are found in the two botanical reservations of Cluj-Napoca, ''[[Rezervația Fânațele Clujului|Fânațele Clujului]]'' and ''Rezervația Valea Morii'' ("Mill Valley Reservation").<ref>Anton et al. 1973, pp.40–1</ref> Animals such as boars, badgers, foxes, rabbits and squirrels live in nearby forest areas such as Făget and Hoia. The latter forest hosts the Romulus Vuia ethnographical park, with exhibits dating back to 1678.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1999 |title=Tourist Attractions |url=http://www.cjnet.ro/t/obiectur.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010105124600/http://www.cjnet.ro/t/obiectur.html |archive-date=5 January 2001 |access-date=2008-03-15 |publisher=DNT Cluj}}</ref> Various people report alien encounters in the [[Hoia Forest|Hoia-Baciu forest]], large networks of [[catacomb]]s that connect the old churches of the city, or the presence of a monster in the nearby lake of [[Lake Tarnița|Tarnița]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatar |first=Florentina |date=8 January 2008 |title=Clujul subteran |url=http://www.monitorulcj.ro/cms/site/m_cj/news/clujul_subteran_30348.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311032706/http://www.monitorulcj.ro/cms/site/m_cj/news/clujul_subteran_30348.html |archive-date=11 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-14 |publisher=Monitorul de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Câmpan |first=Letiția |date=11 March 2008 |title=Miturile Clujului |url=http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/miturile-clujului-2445452 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426030932/http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/miturile-clujului-2445452 |archive-date=26 April 2008 |access-date=2008-03-14 |publisher=Clujeanul |language=ro}}</ref>
[[File:Salina Turda (panorama), Cluj, RO.jpg|thumb|Main gallery of [[Salina Turda]]]]
A modern, {{convert|750|m|yd|adj=on}}-long [[ski resort]] sits on Feleac Hill, with an altitude difference of {{convert|98|m|yd}} between its highest and lowest points. This ski resort offers outdoor lighting, [[artificial snow]] and a [[ski tow]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2007 |title=Pârtia Feleac, de lângă Cluj, a fost inaugurată sâmbătă |url=http://www.realitatea.net/partia-feleac-de-langa-cluj-a-fost-inaugurata-sambata_127626.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122182341/http://www.realitatea.net/partia-feleac-de-langa-cluj-a-fost-inaugurata-sambata_127626.html |archive-date=22 November 2010 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Realitatea.net |language=ro}}</ref> [[Băișoara]] [[winter resort]] is located approximately {{convert|50|km|mi}} from the city of Cluj-Napoca, and includes two ski trails, for beginner and advanced skiers, respectively: ''Zidul Mic'' and ''Zidul Mare''.<ref>András et al. 2003, p.81</ref> Two other summer resorts/spas are included in the metropolitan area, namely [[Cojocna]] and [[Someșeni]] Baths.<ref>András et al. 2003, p.131</ref>

There are a large number of castles in the countryside surroundings, constructed by wealthy medieval families living in the city. The most notable of them is the [[Bonțida Bánffy Castle]]—once known as "the [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]] of Transylvania"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural tourism |url=http://www.heritagetraining-banffycastle.org/index.php?p=21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529044309/http://www.heritagetraining-banffycastle.org/index.php?p=21 |archive-date=29 May 2008 |access-date=2008-03-14 |publisher=Transilvania Trust |quote=Formerly known as the Transylvanian Versailles, Bánffy castle, Bontida is one of the most beautiful historic buildings in the Carpathian basin.}}</ref>—in the nearby village of [[Bonțida]], {{convert|32|km|mi}} from the city centre. In 1963, the castle was used as a set for [[Liviu Ciulei]]'s film ''[[Forest of the Hanged]]'', which won an award at [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Enache |first=Cornel |title=Castelele Romaniei (II) |url=http://www.cronicaromana.ro/index.php?art=78552 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719131629/http://www.cronicaromana.ro/index.php?art=78552 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=2008-03-16 |publisher=Cronica Română |language=ro}}</ref> There are other castles located in the vicinity of the city; indeed, the castle at Bonțida is not even the only one constructed by the Bánffy family. The commune of [[Gilău, Cluj|Gilău]] features the Wass-Bánffy Castle,<ref>András et al. 2003, p.153</ref> while another Bánffy Castle is located in the [[Răscruci, Cluj|Răscruci]] area.<ref>András et al. 2003, p.92</ref> In addition, [[Nicula Monastery]], erected during the 18th century, is an important pilgrimage site in northern Transylvania. This monastery houses the renowned wonder-working [[Madonna (art)|Madonna]] of Nicula.<ref name="András et al">András et al. 2003, p.142</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Românii sărbătoresc Adormirea Maicii Domnului și Ziua Marinei |url=http://www.gardianul.ro/2007/08/15/actualitate-c24/romanii_sarbatoresc_adormirea_maicii_domnului_si_ziua_marinei-s99513.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222092950/http://www.gardianul.ro/2007/08/15/actualitate-c24/romanii_sarbatoresc_adormirea_maicii_domnului_si_ziua_marinei-s99513.html |archive-date=22 February 2008 |access-date=2008-03-14 |publisher=Gardianul |language=ro}}</ref> The [[icon]] is said to have wept between 15 February and 12 March 1669.<ref name="ICI">{{Cite web |title=A monastery attracts thousands of Christians |url=http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/turism/m_nicula.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307154643/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/turism/m_nicula.html |archive-date=7 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics}}</ref> During this time, nobles, officers, laity and clergy came to see it. At first they were sceptical, looking at it on both sides, but then humbly crossed themselves and returned home petrified by the wonder they had seen.<ref name="ICI"/> During the feast of the [[Dormition of the Theotokos]] (commemorating the death of the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin Mary]]) on 15 August, more than 150,000 people from all over the country come to visit the monastery.<ref name="András et al"/>

===Climate===
Cluj-Napoca has a [[humid continental climate|warm-summer humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfb''). The climate is influenced by the city's proximity to the [[Apuseni Mountains]], as well as by urbanisation. Some West-Atlantic influences are present during winter and autumn. Winter temperatures are often below {{convert|0|C|F|0}}, even though they rarely drop below {{convert|-10|C|F|0}}. On average, snow covers the ground for 65 days each winter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mediu: Cluj-Napoca |url=http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/proiecte-dezbateri/Politici_comunitare_de_mediu.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125155551/http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/proiecte-dezbateri/Politici_comunitare_de_mediu.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2007 |access-date=2008-03-21 |publisher=Primăria Cluj-Napoca |language=ro}}</ref> In summer, the average temperature is approximately {{convert|20|C|F|0}}, despite the fact that temperatures sometimes reach {{convert|35|C|F|0}} in mid-summer in the city centre. There are infrequent yet heavy and often violent storms in summer. During spring and autumn, temperatures vary between {{convert|0|C|F|0}} to {{convert|22|C|F|0}}, with more frequent yet milder periods of rain.

The city has the best air quality in the European Union,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2014 |title=Cluj-Napoca tops the list of cities with best air quality in Europe |url=http://business-review.eu/featured/cluj-napoca-tops-the-list-of-cities-with-best-air-quality-in-europe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140608124156/http://business-review.eu/featured/cluj-napoca-tops-the-list-of-cities-with-best-air-quality-in-europe/ |archive-date=8 June 2014 |website=Business-Review}}</ref> according to research published in 2014 by a French magazine and air-quality organisation that studied the EU's hundred largest cities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2014 |title=Dans quelle ville européenne respire-t-on le mieux? |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2014/06/05/dans-quelle-ville-en-europe-respire-t-on-le-mieux_4433073_3244.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608155802/http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2014/06/05/dans-quelle-ville-en-europe-respire-t-on-le-mieux_4433073_3244.html |archive-date=8 June 2014 |access-date=8 June 2014 |work=[[Le Monde]] |language=fr}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Cluj-Napoca, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1901–present
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 14.1
|Feb record high C = 19.6
|Mar record high C = 26.7
|Apr record high C = 30.2
|May record high C = 32.5
|Jun record high C = 36.0
|Jul record high C = 38.0
|Aug record high C = 38.5
|Sep record high C = 34.4
|Oct record high C = 32.6
|Nov record high C = 26.0
|Dec record high C = 18.7
|year record high C = 38.5
 | Jan high C = 0.9
 | Feb high C = 4.1
 | Mar high C = 10.2
 | Apr high C = 16.6
 | May high C = 21.4
 | Jun high C = 24.9
 | Jul high C = 26.7
 | Aug high C = 27.0
 | Sep high C = 21.5
 | Oct high C = 15.6
 | Nov high C = 8.4
 | Dec high C = 1.9
 | year high C = 14.9

 | Jan mean C = -2.5
 | Feb mean C = -0.4
 | Mar mean C = 4.3
 | Apr mean C = 10.1
 | May mean C = 14.9
 | Jun mean C = 18.5
 | Jul mean C = 20.1
 | Aug mean C = 19.8
 | Sep mean C = 14.7
 | Oct mean C = 9.4
 | Nov mean C = 3.9
 | Dec mean C = -1.1
 | year mean C = 9.3

 | Jan low C = -5.2
 | Feb low C = -3.8
 | Mar low C = -0.1
 | Apr low C = 4.7
 | May low C = 9.1
 | Jun low C = 12.7
 | Jul low C = 14.2
 | Aug low C = 13.9
 | Sep low C = 9.6
 | Oct low C = 4.9
 | Nov low C = 0.6
 | Dec low C = -3.6
 | year low C = 4.8

|Jan record low C = -34.2
|Feb record low C = -32.5
|Mar record low C = -22.0
|Apr record low C = -8.4
|May record low C = -3.5
|Jun record low C = 0.4
|Jul record low C = 5.2
|Aug record low C = 0.5
|Sep record low C = -8.8
|Oct record low C = -16.8
|Nov record low C = -22.3
|Dec record low C = -27.9
|year record low C = -34.2
 | precipitation colour = green
 | Jan precipitation mm = 27.3
 | Feb precipitation mm = 24.8
 | Mar precipitation mm = 34.6
 | Apr precipitation mm = 51.0
 | May precipitation mm = 71.2
 | Jun precipitation mm = 91.0
 | Jul precipitation mm = 87.2
 | Aug precipitation mm = 64.7
 | Sep precipitation mm = 55.5
 | Oct precipitation mm = 45.3
 | Nov precipitation mm = 33.8
 | Dec precipitation mm = 34.0
 | year precipitation mm = 620.4

 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
 | Jan precipitation days = 6.7
 | Feb precipitation days = 6.8
 | Mar precipitation days = 7.0
 | Apr precipitation days = 8.5
 | May precipitation days = 10.1
 | Jun precipitation days = 10.6
 | Jul precipitation days = 10.0
 | Aug precipitation days = 7.1
 | Sep precipitation days = 7.6
 | Oct precipitation days = 7.0
 | Nov precipitation days = 6.5
 | Dec precipitation days = 6.9
 | year precipitation days = 94.8

|Jan snow cm = 6.0
|Feb snow cm = 11.5
|Mar snow cm = 5.8
|Apr snow cm = 1.3
|May snow cm = 0.0
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
|Jul snow cm = 0.0
|Aug snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 0.5
|Nov snow cm = 2.6
|Dec snow cm = 5.8
|year snow cm = 33.5
| Jan snow days  =13.6
| Feb snow days  =10.3
| Mar snow days  =5.5
| Apr snow days  =1.4
| May snow days  =0
| Jun snow days  =0
| Jul snow days  =0
| Aug snow days  =0
| Sep snow days  =0.2
| Oct snow days  =0.2
| Nov snow days  =4.5
| Dec snow days  =11
| year snow days =

|Jan humidity = 87
|Feb humidity = 82
|Mar humidity = 74
|Apr humidity = 72
|May humidity = 74
|Jun humidity = 77
|Jul humidity = 76
|Aug humidity = 76
|Sep humidity = 78
|Oct humidity = 81
|Nov humidity = 86
|Dec humidity = 88
|year humidity = 79
| Jan dew point C =-4.3
| Feb dew point C =-4.7
| Mar dew point C =-0.3
| Apr dew point C =3.8
| May dew point C =9.1
| Jun dew point C =11.9
| Jul dew point C =12.8
| Aug dew point C =12.9
| Sep dew point C =10.2
| Oct dew point C =5.5
| Nov dew point C =0.6
| Dec dew point C =2.9

 | Jan sun = 70.2
 | Feb sun = 100.9
 | Mar sun = 159.2
 | Apr sun = 188.7
 | May sun = 230.1
 | Jun sun = 253.1
 | Jul sun = 265.7
 | Aug sun = 260.7
 | Sep sun = 190.2
 | Oct sun = 153.5
 | Nov sun = 89.4
 | Dec sun = 54.6
 | year sun = 2016.3
 | Jan light = 9 
 | Feb light = 10.3
 | Mar light = 11.9
 | Apr light = 13.6
 | May light = 15.1
 | Jun light = 15.8
 | Jul light = 15.4
 | Aug light = 14.2
 | Sep light = 12.5
 | Oct light = 10.9
 | Nov light = 9.4
 | Dec light = 8.6
 | year light= 
| Jan uv  =1
| Feb uv  =2
| Mar uv  =3
| Apr uv  =5
| May uv  =7
| Jun uv  =8
| Jul uv  =8
| Aug uv  =7
| Sep uv  =5
| Oct uv  =3
| Nov uv  =1
| Dec uv  =1
| year uv =
|source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (snow and Dew Point 1961–1990)<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Cluj-Napoca |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Romania/CSV/ClujNapoca_15120.csv |access-date=January 11, 2024 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite FTP |title=Cluj Climate Normals 1961–1990 |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/RO/15120.TXT |server=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=21 March 2015 }}</ref> Romanian National Statistic Institute,<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Air Temperature (monthly and yearly absolute maximum and absolute minimum) |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210503/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=27 November 2012 |website=[[Romanian Statistical Yearbook]]: Geography, Meteorology, and Environment |publisher=Romanian National Statistic Institute}}</ref>
|source 2 =  [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (humidity, 1973–1993),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klimatafel von Klausenburg (Cluj-Napoca), Siebenbürgen / Rumänien |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_151200_kt.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329153503/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_151200_kt.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-29 |access-date=23 November 2016 |website=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de}}</ref> Weather Atlas (Daylight-UV),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yearly & Monthly Weather - Cluj-Napoca, Romania |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/romania/cluj-napoca-climate |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=weather atlas |publisher=Weather Atlas}}</ref> Meteomanz (snow days 2000-2023, extremes since 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cluj-Napoca - Weather data by months |url=http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=6240&ind=15120&m1=01&y1=2000&m2=07&y2=2024 |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=meteomanz}}</ref>
|date = August 2010
}}