Editing Consonant mutation (section)

=== Uralic languages ===
{{Main|Consonant gradation}}
Word-medial consonant mutation is found in several [[Uralic languages]] and has the traditional name of [[consonant gradation]]. It is pervasive, especially in the [[Samic languages|Samic]] and [[Finnic languages|Finnic]] branches.

==== Finnish ====
{{Main|Finnish consonant gradation}}
Consonant gradation involves an alternation in consonants between a strong grade in some forms of a word and a weak grade in others. The consonants subject to gradation are the plosives ({{lang|fi|p}}, {{lang|fi|t}}, {{lang|fi|k}}) that are followed by a vowel and preceded by a vowel, a sonorant ({{lang|fi|m}}, {{lang|fi|n}}, {{lang|fi|l}}, {{lang|fi|r}}), or {{lang|fi|h}}. The strong grade usually appears in an open syllable or before a long vowel.

{| class="wikitable"
! Strong !! Weak !! Example !! Notes
|-
| {{lang|fi|pp}} || {{lang|fi|p}} || {{lang|fi|pa'''pp'''i}} → {{lang|fi|pa'''p'''it}}; {{lang|fi|lam'''pp'''u}} → {{lang|fi|lam'''p'''ut}} || rowspan="3"| Long consonants become short.
|-
| {{lang|fi|tt}} || {{lang|fi|t}} || {{lang|fi|ka'''tt'''o}} → {{lang|fi|ka'''t'''ot}}; {{lang|fi|kor'''tt'''i}} → {{lang|fi|kor'''t'''it}}
|-
| {{lang|fi|kk}} || {{lang|fi|k}} || {{lang|fi|pu'''kk'''i}} → {{lang|fi|pu'''k'''it}}; {{lang|fi|pan'''kk'''i}} → {{lang|fi|pan'''k'''it}}
|-
| {{lang|fi|p}} || {{lang|fi|v}} || {{lang|fi|ta'''p'''a}} → {{lang|fi|ta'''v'''at}} || rowspan="3"|Lenition.
|-
| {{lang|fi|t}} || {{lang|fi|d}} || {{lang|fi|ka'''t'''u}} → {{lang|fi|ka'''d'''ut}}; {{lang|fi|lah'''t'''i}} → {{lang|fi|lah'''d'''et}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|fi|k}} || {{lang|fi|∅}} || {{lang|fi|pa'''k'''o}} → {{lang|fi|paot}}
|-
| {{lang|fi|v}} || {{lang|fi|pu'''k'''u}} → {{lang|fi|pu'''v'''ut}}; {{lang|fi|ky'''k'''y}} → {{lang|fi|ky'''v'''yt}} || In the combinations {{lang|fi|-uku-}} and {{lang|fi|-yky-}}.
|-
| {{lang|fi|j}} || {{lang|fi|jäl'''k'''i}} → {{lang|fi|jäl'''j'''et}}; {{lang|fi|sul'''k'''ea}} → {{lang|fi|sul'''j'''in}} || When followed by {{lang|fi|e}} or {{lang|fi|i}} and preceded by {{lang|fi|h}}, {{lang|fi|l}} or {{lang|fi|r}}.
|-
| {{lang|fi|mp}} || {{lang|fi|mm}} || {{lang|fi|ka'''mp'''a}} → {{lang|fi|ka'''mm'''at}} || rowspan="5"| Assimilation.
|-
| {{lang|fi|nt}} || {{lang|fi|nn}} || {{lang|fi|le'''nt'''o}} → {{lang|fi|le'''nn'''ot}}
|-
| {{lang|fi|lt}} || {{lang|fi|ll}} || {{lang|fi|kie'''lt'''o}} → {{lang|fi|kie'''ll'''ot}}
|-
| {{lang|fi|rt}} || {{lang|fi|rr}} || {{lang|fi|pa'''rt'''a}} → {{lang|fi|pa'''rr'''at}}
|-
| {{lang|fi|nk}} {{IPA|/ŋk/}} || {{lang|fi|ng}} {{IPA|/ŋː/}} || {{lang|fi|ke'''nk'''ä}} → {{lang|fi|ke'''ng'''ät}}
|}

The gradation of loanwords may include gradation of the plosives that are not native to Finnish:

{| class="wikitable"
! Strong !! Weak !! Example
|-
| {{lang|fi|bb}} || {{lang|fi|b}} || {{lang|fi|lo'''bb'''aan}} → {{lang|fi|lo'''b'''ata}}
|-
| {{lang|fi|gg}} || {{lang|fi|g}} || {{lang|fi|blo'''gg'''aan}} → {{lang|fi|blo'''g'''ata}}
|}