Editing Convergent evolution (section)

===Nucleic acids===

Convergence occurs at the level of [[DNA]] and the [[amino acid]] sequences produced by [[translation (biology)|translating]] [[structural gene]]s into [[protein]]s. Studies have found convergence in amino acid sequences in echolocating bats and the dolphin;<!--<ref name="Parkeretal2013">{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/nature12511 | last1=Parker | first1=J. | last2=Tsagkogeorga | first2=G | last3=Cotton | first3=J. A. | last4=Liu | first4=Y. | last5=Provero | first5=P. | last6=Stupka | first6=E. | last7= Rossiter | first7=S. J. | year=2013 | title=Genome-wide signatures of convergent evolution in echolocating mammals | journal=Nature | volume=502 | pages=228–231 | issue=7470 |bibcode=2013Natur.502..228P | pmc=3836225 | pmid=24005325}}</ref> may be unreliable per talk page--><ref name="LiuQi2014">{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Zhen |last2=Qi |first2=Fei-Yan |last3=Zhou |first3=Xin |last4=Ren |first4=Hai-Qing |last5=Shi |first5=Peng |title=Parallel Sites Implicate Functional Convergence of the Hearing Gene Prestin among Echolocating Mammals |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=31 |issue=9 |year=2014 |pages=2415–2424 |issn=1537-1719 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msu194|pmid=24951728 |doi-access=free }}</ref> among marine mammals;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Foote |first1=Andrew D. |last2=Liu |first2=Yue |last3=Thomas |first3=Gregg W. C. |last4=Vinař |first4=Tomáš |last5=Alföldi |first5=Jessica |last6=Deng |first6=Jixin |last7=Dugan |first7=Shannon |last8=Elk |first8=Cornelis E. van |last9=Hunter |first9=Margaret E. |display-authors=3 |date=March 2015 |title=Convergent evolution of the genomes of marine mammals |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=272–275 |doi=10.1038/ng.3198|pmid=25621460 |pmc=4644735 }}</ref> between giant and red pandas;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Yibo |last2=Wu |first2=Qi |last3=Ma |first3=Shuai |last4=Ma |first4=Tianxiao |last5=Shan |first5=Lei |last6=Wang |first6=Xiao |last7=Nie |first7=Yonggang |last8=Ning |first8=Zemin |last9=Yan |first9=Li |date=January 2017 |title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=114 |issue=5 |pages=1081–1086 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114 |pmc=5293045 |pmid=28096377|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H |doi-access=free }}</ref> and between the thylacine and canids.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Feigin |first1=Charles Y. |last2=Newton |first2=Axel H. |last3=Doronina |first3=Liliya |last4=Schmitz |first4=Jürgen |last5=Hipsley |first5=Christy A. |last6=Mitchell |first6=Kieren J. |last7=Gower |first7=Graham |last8=Llamas |first8=Bastien |last9=Soubrier |first9=Julien |display-authors=3 |date=January 2018 |title=Genome of the Tasmanian tiger provides insights into the evolution and demography of an extinct marsupial carnivore |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=182–192 |doi=10.1038/s41559-017-0417-y|pmid=29230027 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Convergence has also been detected in a type of [[non-coding DNA]], [[cis-regulatory element]]s, such as in their rates of evolution; this could indicate either [[positive selection]] or relaxed [[Negative selection (natural selection)|purifying selection]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Partha |first1=Raghavendran |last2=Chauhan |first2=Bharesh K |last3=Ferreira |first3=Zelia |last4=Robinson |first4=Joseph D. |last5=Lathrop |first5=Kira |last6=Nischal |first6=Ken K. |last7=Chikina |first7=Maria |last8=Clark |first8=Nathan L. |display-authors=3 |date=October 2017 |title=Subterranean mammals show convergent regression in ocular genes and enhancers, along with adaptation to tunneling |journal=eLife |volume=6 |doi=10.7554/eLife.25884|pmid=29035697 |pmc=5643096 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sackton |first1=T.B. |last2=Grayson |first2=P. |last3=Cloutier |first3=A. |last4=Hu |first4=Z. |last5=Liu |first5=J.S. |last6=Wheeler |first6=N.E. |last7=Gardner |first7=P.P. |last8=Clarke |first8=J.A. |last9=Baker |first9=A.J. |last10=Clamp |first10=M. |last11=Edwards |first11=S.V. |display-authors=3 |title=Convergent regulatory evolution and loss of flight in paleognathous birds. |journal=Science |date=5 April 2019 |volume=364 |issue=6435 |pages=74–78 |doi=10.1126/science.aat7244 |pmid=30948549 |bibcode=2019Sci...364...74S |s2cid=96435050 |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:39865637 |doi-access=free }}</ref>