Editing Coping (section)

===Karen Horney===
{{Main|Karen Horney}}
In the 1940s, the [[Germany|German]] [[Freudian]] [[psychoanalyst]] Karen Horney "developed her mature theory in which individuals cope with the anxiety produced by feeling unsafe, unloved, and undervalued by disowning their spontaneous feelings and developing elaborate strategies of defence."<ref>[http://www.enotes.com/psychoanalysis-encyclopedia/horney-danielson-karen Bernard Paris, Horney-Danielson, Karen (1885–1952)]</ref> Horney defined four so-called coping strategies to define interpersonal relations, one describing [[Mental health|psychologically healthy]] individuals, the others describing [[neurosis|neurotic]] states.

The healthy strategy she termed "Moving with" is that with which psychologically healthy people develop relationships. It involves compromise. In order to move with, there must be communication, agreement, disagreement, compromise, and decisions. The three other strategies she described – "Moving toward", "Moving against" and "Moving away" – represented neurotic, unhealthy strategies people utilize in order to protect themselves.

Horney investigated these patterns of neurotic needs (compulsive attachments).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Neurotic Needs According to Karen Horney|url=http://www.ptypes.com/neurotic_needs.html|access-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> The neurotics might feel these attachments more strongly because of difficulties within their lives. If the neurotic does not experience these needs, they will experience anxiety. The ten needs are:<ref>{{cite web|last=Boerre|first=George|title=Karen Horney|url=http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/horney.html|access-date=29 June 2011}}</ref>

# Affection and approval, the need to please others and be liked.
# A partner who will take over one's life, based on the idea that love will solve all of one's problems.
# Restriction of one's life to narrow borders, to be undemanding, satisfied with little, inconspicuous; to simplify one's life.
# [[Power (social and political)|Power]], for control over others, for a facade of omnipotence, caused by a desperate desire for strength and dominance.
# Exploitation of others; to get the better of them.
# Social recognition or prestige, caused by an abnormal concern for appearances and popularity.
# Personal admiration.
# Personal achievement.
# Self-sufficiency and independence.
# Perfection and unassailability, a desire to be perfect and a fear of being flawed.

In Compliance, also known as "Moving toward" or the "Self-effacing solution", the individual moves towards those perceived as a threat to avoid retribution and getting hurt, "making any sacrifice, no matter how detrimental."<ref>Karen Horney, ''The Neurotic Personality of Our Time'' (London 1977) p. 120</ref> The argument is, "If I give in, I won't get hurt." This means that: if I give everyone I see as a potential threat whatever they want, I will not be injured (physically or emotionally). This strategy includes neurotic needs one, two, and three.<ref name="Boeree">{{cite web|last=Boeree|first=George|title=Karen Horney|url=http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/horney.html|access-date=29 June 2011}}</ref>

In Withdrawal, also known as "Moving away" or the "Resigning solution", individuals distance themselves from anyone perceived as a threat to avoid getting hurt – "the 'mouse-hole' attitude ... the security of unobtrusiveness."<ref>Karen Horney, ''New Ways in Psychoanalysis'' (London 1966) pp. 254–55</ref> The argument is, "If I do not let anyone close to me, I won't get hurt." A neurotic, according to Horney desires to be distant because of being abused. If they can be the extreme introvert, no one will ever develop a relationship with them. If there is no one around, nobody can hurt them. These "moving away" people fight personality, so they often come across as cold or shallow. This is their strategy. They emotionally remove themselves from society. Included in this strategy are neurotic needs three, nine, and ten.<ref name="Boeree"/>

In Aggression, also known as the "Moving against" or the "Expansive solution", the individual threatens those perceived as a threat to avoid getting hurt. Children might react to parental in-differences by displaying anger or hostility. This strategy includes neurotic needs four, five, six, seven, and eight.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karen Horney|url=http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/horney.html|access-date=29 June 2011|archive-date=23 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623135046/http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/horney.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Related to the work of Karen Horney, [[public administration]] scholars<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tummers|first1=Lars|last2=Bekkers|first2=Victor|last3=Vink|first3=Evelien|last4=Musheno|first4=Michael|title=Coping During Public Service Delivery: A Conceptualization and Systematic Review of the Literature|journal=Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory|doi= 10.1093/jopart/muu056|volume=25|issue=4|pages=1099–1126|year=2015|s2cid=153985343|doi-access=free}}</ref> developed a classification of coping by frontline workers when working with clients (see also the work of [[Michael Lipsky]] on [[street-level bureaucracy]]). This coping classification is focused on the behavior workers can display towards clients when confronted with stress. They show that during public service delivery there are three main families of coping:

* Moving ''towards'' clients: Coping by helping clients in stressful situations. An example is a teacher working overtime to help students.
* Moving ''away from'' clients: Coping by avoiding meaningful interactions with clients in stressful situations. An example is a public servant stating "the office is very busy today, please return tomorrow." 
* Moving ''against'' clients: Coping by confronting clients. For instance, teachers can cope with stress when working with students by imposing very rigid rules, such as no cellphone use in class and sending everyone to the office when they use a cellphone. Furthermore, [[aggression]] towards clients is also included here.

In their systematic review of 35 years of the literature, the scholars found that the most often used family is moving ''towards'' clients (43% of all coping fragments). Moving ''away from'' clients was found in 38% of all coping fragments and Moving ''against'' clients in 19%.