Editing Disability (section)

=== Other models ===
* The '''political/relational model''' is an alternative to and critical engagement with both the social and medical models. This analytic posed by Alison Kafer shows not only how the "problem" of disability "is located in inaccessible buildings, discriminatory attitudes, and ideological systems that attribute normalcy and deviance to particular minds and bodies" but also how mind and bodily impairments can still have disabling effects. Furthermore, the political/relational model frames the medicalization of disabled folks as political in nature given it should always be interrogated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kafer |first=Alison |title=Feminist, Queer, Crip |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2013}}</ref>
* The '''spectrum model''' refers to the range of audibility, sensibility, and visibility under which people function. The model asserts that disability does not necessarily mean a reduced spectrum of operations. Rather, disability is often defined according to thresholds set on a continuum of disability.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 2011 |title=International organisations report on disability |url=http://www.dpa.org.nz/news/bites-newsletter/55-bites-august-2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205123349/http://dpa.org.nz/news/bites-newsletter/55-bites-august-2011 |archive-date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=March 6, 2013 |publisher=Disabled Persons Assembly New Zealand}}</ref>
* The '''moral model''' refers to the attitude that people are ''morally responsible'' for their own disability.<ref name="Disability Model">{{cite web |last=Kaplan |first=Deborah |title=Disability Model |url=http://www.peoplewho.org/debate/kaplan.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425122854/http://www.peoplewho.org/debate/kaplan.htm |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=October 30, 2011 |publisher=World Institute on Disability}}</ref> For example, disability may be seen as a result of bad actions of parents if [[congenital]], or as a result of practicing witchcraft if not.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lum |first=Doman |title=Culturally Competent Practice: A Framework for Understanding Diverse Groups and Justice Issues |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8400-3443-4 |page=449}}</ref> Echoes of this can be seen in the doctrine of [[karma]] in Eastern and New Age religions. It also includes notions that a disability gives a person "special abilities to perceive, reflect, transcend, be spiritual".<ref>{{cite book |last=Olkin |first=Rhoda |title=What Psychotherapists Should Know About Disability |publisher=Guilford Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4625-0613-2 |page=26}}</ref>
* The '''expert/professional model''' has provided a traditional response to disability issues and can be seen as an offshoot of the medical model. Within its framework, professionals follow a process of identifying the impairment and its limitations (using the medical model), and taking the necessary action to improve the position of the disabled person. This has tended to produce a system in which an authoritarian, over-active service provider prescribes and acts for a passive client.{{sfn|Nikora|Karapu|Hickey|Te Awekotuku|2004|pp=5–6}}
* The '''tragedy/charity model''' depicts disabled people as victims of circumstance who are deserving of pity. This, along with the medical model, are the models used by most people with no acknowledged disability to define and explain disability.{{sfn|Nikora|Karapu|Hickey|Te Awekotuku|2004|p=6}}
* The '''legitimacy model''' views disability as a value-based determination about which explanations for the atypical are legitimate for membership in the disability category. This viewpoint allows for multiple explanations and models to be considered as purposive and viable.{{sfn|DePoy|Gilson|2004}}
* The '''social adapted model''' states although a person's disability poses some limitations in an able-bodied society, often the surrounding society and environment are more limiting than the disability itself.{{sfn|Nikora|Karapu|Hickey|Te Awekotuku|2004|p=7}}
* The '''economic model''' defines disability in terms of reduced ability to work, the related loss of productivity and economic effects on the individual, employer and society in general.<ref>{{cite web |title=Economic Model of Disability |url=http://www.copower.org/models-of-disability/176-economic-model-of-disability.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728030739/http://www.copower.org/models-of-disability/176-economic-model-of-disability.html |archive-date=July 28, 2012 |access-date=August 11, 2012 |publisher=Michigan Disability Rights Coalition}}</ref>
* The '''empowering model''' (also, '''customer model''' or '''[[supported decision making]]''') allows for the person with a disability and their family to decide the course of their treatment. This turns the professional into a service provider whose role is to offer guidance and carry out the client's decisions. This model "empowers" the individual to pursue their own goals.{{sfn|Nikora|Karapu|Hickey|Te Awekotuku|2004|p=7}}
* The '''market model''' of disability is minority rights and consumerist model of disability that recognizing disabled people and their stakeholders as representing a large group of consumers, employees, and voters. This model looks to personal identity to define disability and empowers people to chart their own destiny in everyday life, with a particular focus on economic empowerment. Based on US Census data, this model shows that there are 1.2 billion people in the world who consider themselves to have a disability. "This model states that due to the size of the demographic, companies and governments will serve the desires, pushed by demand as the message becomes prevalent in the cultural mainstream."{{sfn|Donovan|2012|p=12}}
* The '''consumer model''' of disability is based upon the "rights-based" model and claims that disabled people should have equal rights and access to products, goods, and services offered by businesses. The consumer model extends the rights-based model by proposing that businesses, not only accommodate customers with disabilities under the requirements of legislation but that businesses actively seek, market to, welcome and fully engage disabled people in all aspects of business service activities. The model suggests that all business operations, for example, websites, policies, procedures, mission statements, emergency plans, programs, and services, should integrate access and inclusion practices. Furthermore, these access and inclusion practices should be based on established customer service access and inclusion standards that embrace and support the active engagement of people of all abilities in business offerings.<ref>Smith, T.B. (2012). A New and Emerging Model of Disability: The Consumer Model. White Paper. The Pennsylvania State University</ref> In this regard, specialized products and specialized services become important, such as auxiliary means, prostheses, special foods, domestic help, and assisted living.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Aichner, T. |author2=Shaltoni, A.M. |date=2018 |title=Marketing of specialised products and services to consumers with disabilities: exploring the role of advertising, country-of-origin, and e-commerce |journal=The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=115–36 |doi=10.1080/09593969.2017.1364658 |s2cid=169024657}}</ref>
* Different theories revolve around prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination, and stigma related to disability. One of the more popular ones, as put by Weiner, Perry, and Magnusson's (1988) work with '''[[Attribution (psychology)|attribution theory]]''', physical stigmas are perceived as to be uncontrollable and elicit pity and desire to help, whereas, mental-behavioral stigmas are considered to be controllable and therefore elicit anger and desire to neglect the individuals with disabilities.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Weiner, B. |author2=Perry, R.P. |author3=Magnusson, J. |date=1988 |title=An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=738–48 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.55.5.738 |pmid=2974883}}</ref>
* The ''''[[just-world fallacy]]'''' talks about how a person is viewed as deserving the disability. And because it is the fault of that person, an observer does not feel obligated to feel bad for them or to help them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lerner |first=M.J. |title=The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion |publisher=Plenum Press |year=1980 |location=New York}}</ref>