Editing Dnipro (section)

==== War and revolution ====
{{See also|Ukrainian War of Independence}}
[[File:Dnipropetrovs'k S.Nigoyana 47 Bronepotyag (YDS 5850).jpg|thumb|Monument in Dnipro of an [[armored train]] that was built by the workers of [[Dniprovsky Metallurgical Plant|Yekaterinoslav's Bryansk plant]] in 1918, which was employed by the [[Red Army]] in its conquest of Ukraine and the [[Volga]] region.]]
Directly following the Russian [[February Revolution]], in the night of 3 March [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S]] (16 March [[Gregorian calendar#Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates|N.S]]) to 4 March 1917 a provisional government was organised in Yekaterinoslav headed by the (since 1913) chairman of the provincial land administration {{ill|Konstantin von Hesberg|uk|Гесберг Костянтин Дмитрович}}.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80">{{cite web |author=I. S. Storazhenko|title=The city of Katerinoslav in 1917–1920|url=https://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ua.php?article=80|website=gorod.dp.ua|date=2001|access-date=26 October 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> Also on 4 March a Council of Workers' Deputies was formed.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> On 6 March the [[Prime minister of Russia|prime minister]] of the [[Russian Provisional Government]] [[Georgy Lvov]] removed the governor and the vice-governor of [[Yekaterinoslav Governorate]], temporarily handing these powers to Hesberg.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> On 9 March a Yekaterinoslav Council of Workers and Soldiers deputies was formed.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/>

On 16 May the Council of Workers' Deputies and the Council of Workers and Soldiers merged, to become named the Revolutionary Council in November 1917.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> All these power structures existed in duality, with Hesberg's provisional government often being at a disadvantage.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> In 1917 the city saw numerous meetings, rallies, meetings, conferences, congresses and demonstrations by political parties all over the political spectrum.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> Due to intense political agitation the newly formed factory committees and professional unions by autumn of 1917 mainly supported the [[Bolshevik]]s, significantly strengthening their positions.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/>

In June 1917 a Central Council ([[Tsentralna Rada]]) of Ukrainian parties in [[Kyiv]] declared Yekaterinoslav to be within the territory of the autonomous [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] (UPR).<ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka"/> On 13 August 1917 the first democratic Yekaterinoslav 120 seats [[city Duma]] election took place.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> The Bolsheviks gained 24 seats and the [[Mensheviks]] 16, with pro-Ukrainian parties picking up 6 seats.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> {{ill|Vasyl Osipov|uk|Осипов Василь Іванович}} was elected Mayor of the city.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> Osipov was Mayor until the dissolution of the city Duma in May 1918.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> On 10 November 1917 a parade of Ukrainian troops was held, organized by the Yekaterinoslav Ukrainian Military Council in support of the [[Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council]], the proclamation of the Ukrainian People's Republic.<ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka"/>

In the November 1917 elections to the [[Russian Constituent Assembly]], the Bolsheviks secured just under 18 per cent of the [[Yekaterinoslav electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917)|vote in the Governorate]], compared to 46 per cent for the [[Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party|Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries]] and their allies.<ref name="Radkey1989-161-163">{{cite book |author=Oliver Henry Radkey |url=https://archive.org/details/russiagoestopoll00radk |title=Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917 |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-8014-2360-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/russiagoestopoll00radk/page/161 161]–163 |url-access=registration}}</ref> On 22 November 1917 the Revolutionary Council and the city Duma pledged their allegiance to the Tsentralna Rada.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> The Bolsheviks then left these organisations.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> During December, the situation in the city worsened with both sides preparing for military action.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/>

On 26 December, the Bolsheviks defied an ultimatum from the Tsentralna Rada and after three days of fighting consolidated their control of the city.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80" /> On 12 February they declared Yekaterinoslav part of a [[Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic|Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic]], but the following month, under the terms of the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], conceded the territory to the [[German Empire|German]] and [[Austria-Hungary|Austrian]]-allied UPR.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mawdsley |first1=Evan |url=https://archive.org/details/russiancivilwar00evan |title=The Russian Civil War |publisher=Pegasus Books |year=2007 |isbn=9781933648156 |page=35 |ref=Mawdsley2007 |author-link=Evan Mawdsley |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka" /> On 5 April 1918 the [[Imperial German army]] entered the city. Five hundred remaining Bolshevik [[Red Guards (Russia)|Red Guards]] were publicly executed.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80" />
[[File:Military parade in Yekaterinoslav (8610324703).jpg|thumb|250px|A German military parade in Yekaterinoslav in spring 1918.]]
The formal tenure of the UPR was brief: on 29 April 1918 intervention by the [[Central Powers]] saw the UPR replaced by the more pliant [[Ukrainian State]] or [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]]. On 18 May 1918 the [[Hetman]] of the Ukrainian State, [[Pavlo Skoropadskyi]], ordered the previously nationalized enterprises returned to their former owners, and with the assistance of Austro-Hungarian troops the new authorities suppressed labor protest.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/>

On 23 December 1918, following their defeat by the Western Allies and after four days of insurgency within the city, German and Austro-Hungarian occupation forces withdrew. Four days later, Yekaterinoslav was stormed by the [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine|anarchist Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine]] (the [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine|''Makhnovshchina'']]), putting to flight forces loyal to the UPR's new [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]]. Over the course of the following year, city was to change hands several more times, contested between the UPR, the Whites ([[Armed Forces of South Russia]]), [[Nykyfor Hryhoriv]]'s peasant insurgents, [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine|''Makhnovshchina'']] (who returned twice),<ref name="EprzrAhVqMewKHXLQ">{{Cite book |last1=Skirda |first1=Alexandre |title=Nestor Makhno–Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine 1917–1921 |date=2004 |publisher=AK Press |isbn=1-902593-68-5 |location=Oakland, CA |language=en |translator-last1=Sharkey |translator-first1=Paul |oclc=60602979}} (page 77)</ref> and the Bolsheviks, who reorganised as the Red Army, finally secured the city on 30 December 1919.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80" />{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=213|2a1=Skirda|2y=2004|2pp=77–78}}{{Sfn|Skirda|2004|p=77}}

The city had been extensively damaged and the population, which had stood at about 268,000 people in 1917, had dropped to under 190,000.<ref name="article85Storazhenko">{{cite web |author=I. S. Storazhenko|title=Dnipropetrovsk in the 1920s and 1930s|url=https://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ua.php?article=85|website=gorod.dp.ua|date=2001|access-date=2 November 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>