Editing Duodenum (section)

=== Obesity and Diabetes ===
A [[western diet]] induces duodenal mucosal hyperplasia and dysfunction that underlie insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and obesity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Aliluev |first1=Alexandra |last2=Tritschler |first2=Sophie |last3=Sterr |first3=Michael |last4=Oppenländer |first4=Lena |last5=Hinterdobler |first5=Julia |last6=Greisle |first6=Tobias |last7=Irmler |first7=Martin |last8=Beckers |first8=Johannes |last9=Sun |first9=Na |last10=Walch |first10=Axel |last11=Stemmer |first11=Kerstin |last12=Kindt |first12=Alida |last13=Krumsiek |first13=Jan |last14=Tschöp |first14=Matthias H. |last15=Luecken |first15=Malte D. |date=2021-09-22 |title=Diet-induced alteration of intestinal stem cell function underlies obesity and prediabetes in mice |journal=Nature Metabolism |language=en |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=1202–1216 |doi=10.1038/s42255-021-00458-9 |issn=2522-5812 |pmc=8458097 |pmid=34552271}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clara |first1=Rosmarie |last2=Schumacher |first2=Manuel |last3=Ramachandran |first3=Deepti |last4=Fedele |first4=Shahana |last5=Krieger |first5=Jean-Philippe |last6=Langhans |first6=Wolfgang |last7=Mansouri |first7=Abdelhak |date=January 2017 |title=Metabolic Adaptation of the Small Intestine to Short- and Medium-Term High-Fat Diet Exposure: INTESTINAL METABOLIC ADAPTATION TO HFD |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcp.25402 |journal=Journal of Cellular Physiology |language=en |volume=232 |issue=1 |pages=167–175 |doi=10.1002/jcp.25402|pmid=27061934 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Diet-induced duodenal mucosal hyperplasia consists of increased mucosal mass,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hvid |first1=Henning |last2=Jensen |first2=Stina Rikke |last3=Witgen |first3=Brent M. |last4=Fledelius |first4=Christian |last5=Damgaard |first5=Jesper |last6=Pyke |first6=Charles |last7=Rasmussen |first7=Thomas Bovbjerg |date=2016 |title=Diabetic Phenotype in the Small Intestine of Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats |url=https://karger.com/DIG/article/doi/10.1159/000453107 |journal=Digestion |language=en |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=199–214 |doi=10.1159/000453107 |pmid=27931035 |issn=0012-2823|url-access=subscription }}</ref> increased villus length,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Samuel R. |last2=Ramsamooj |first2=Shakti |last3=Liang |first3=Roger J. |last4=Katti |first4=Alyna |last5=Pozovskiy |first5=Rita |last6=Vasan |first6=Neil |last7=Hwang |first7=Seo-Kyoung |last8=Nahiyaan |first8=Navid |last9=Francoeur |first9=Nancy J. |last10=Schatoff |first10=Emma M. |last11=Johnson |first11=Jared L. |last12=Shah |first12=Manish A. |last13=Dannenberg |first13=Andrew J. |last14=Sebra |first14=Robert P. |last15=Dow |first15=Lukas E. |date=2021-09-09 |title=Dietary fructose improves intestinal cell survival and nutrient absorption |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=597 |issue=7875 |pages=263–267 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03827-2 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8686685 |pmid=34408323}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dailey |first=Megan J. |date=September 2014 |title=Nutrient-induced intestinal adaption and its effect in obesity |journal=Physiology & Behavior |language=en |volume=136 |pages=74–78 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.03.026 |pmc=4182169 |pmid=24704111}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sagher |first1=F. A. |last2=Dodge |first2=J. A. |last3=Johnston |first3=C. F. |last4=Shaw |first4=C. |last5=Buchanan |first5=K. D. |last6=Carr |first6=K. E. |year=1991 |title=Rat small intestinal morphology and tissue regulatory peptides: effects of high dietary fat |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007114591000077/type/journal_article |journal=British Journal of Nutrition |language=en |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=21–28 |doi=10.1079/BJN19910062 |pmid=1705145 |issn=0007-1145}}</ref> decreased crypt density,<ref name=":1" /> proliferation of enteroendocrine cells,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Gniuli |first1=D. |last2=Calcagno |first2=A. |last3=Dalla Libera |first3=L. |last4=Calvani |first4=R. |last5=Leccesi |first5=L. |last6=Caristo |first6=M. E. |last7=Vettor |first7=R. |last8=Castagneto |first8=M. |last9=Ghirlanda |first9=G. |last10=Mingrone |first10=G. |date=October 2010 |title=High-fat feeding stimulates endocrine, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)-expressing cell hyperplasia in the duodenum of Wistar rats |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00125-010-1830-9 |journal=Diabetologia |language=en |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=2233–2240 |doi=10.1007/s00125-010-1830-9 |pmid=20585935 |issn=0012-186X}}</ref> increased enterocyte mass,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Verdam |first1=Froukje J. |last2=Greve |first2=Jan Willem M. |last3=Roosta |first3=Sedigheh |last4=van Eijk |first4=Hans |last5=Bouvy |first5=Nicole |last6=Buurman |first6=Wim A. |last7=Rensen |first7=Sander S. |date=2011-02-01 |title=Small Intestinal Alterations in Severely Obese Hyperglycemic Subjects |url=https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/96/2/E379/2709569 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |language=en |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=E379–E383 |doi=10.1210/jc.2010-1333 |pmid=21084402 |issn=0021-972X}}</ref> and an accumulation of lipid droplets in the mucosa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sferra |first1=Roberta |last2=Pompili |first2=Simona |last3=Cappariello |first3=Alfredo |last4=Gaudio |first4=Eugenio |last5=Latella |first5=Giovanni |last6=Vetuschi |first6=Antonella |date=2021-07-06 |title=Prolonged Chronic Consumption of a High Fat with Sucrose Diet Alters the Morphology of the Small Intestine |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |language=en |volume=22 |issue=14 |pages=7280 |doi=10.3390/ijms22147280 |doi-access=free |issn=1422-0067 |pmc=8303301 |pmid=34298894}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=D’Aquila |first1=Theresa |last2=Zembroski |first2=Alyssa S. |last3=Buhman |first3=Kimberly K. |date=2019-03-05 |title=Diet Induced Obesity Alters Intestinal Cytoplasmic Lipid Droplet Morphology and Proteome in the Postprandial Response to Dietary Fat |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=10 |page=180 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2019.00180 |doi-access=free |issn=1664-042X |pmc=6413465 |pmid=30890954}}</ref> Diet induced duodenal dysfunction  includes increased duodenal nutrient absorption,<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dyer |first=J. |last2=Wood |first2=I. S. |last3=Palejwala |first3=A. |last4=Ellis |first4=A. |last5=Shirazi-Beechey |first5=S. P. |date=2002-02-01 |title=Expression of monosaccharide transporters in intestine of diabetic humans |url=https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpgi.00310.2001 |journal=American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology |language=en |volume=282 |issue=2 |pages=G241–G248 |doi=10.1152/ajpgi.00310.2001 |issn=0193-1857|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fiorentino |first=Teresa Vanessa |last2=Suraci |first2=Evelina |last3=Arcidiacono |first3=Gaetano Paride |last4=Cimellaro |first4=Antonio |last5=Mignogna |first5=Chiara |last6=Presta |first6=Ivan |last7=Andreozzi |first7=Francesco |last8=Hribal |first8=Marta Letizia |last9=Perticone |first9=Francesco |last10=Donato |first10=Giuseppe |last11=Luzza |first11=Francesco |last12=Sesti |first12=Giorgio |date=2017-11-01 |title=Duodenal Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 1 Expression Under Fasting Conditions Is Associated With Postload Hyperglycemia |url=https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/102/11/3979/4117420 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |language=en |volume=102 |issue=11 |pages=3979–3989 |doi=10.1210/jc.2017-00348 |issn=0021-972X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fiorentino |first=Teresa Vanessa |last2=De Vito |first2=Francesca |last3=Suraci |first3=Evelina |last4=Marasco |first4=Raffaella |last5=Hribal |first5=Marta Letizia |last6=Luzza |first6=Francesco |last7=Sesti |first7=Giorgio |date=March 2023 |title=Obesity and overweight are linked to increased sodium‐glucose cotransporter 1 and glucose transporter 5 levels in duodenum |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.23653 |journal=Obesity |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=724–731 |doi=10.1002/oby.23653 |issn=1930-7381|url-access=subscription }}</ref> altered duodenal hormone secretion,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> and altered intestinal vagal afferent neuronal function.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=de Lartigue |first1=Guillaume |last2=Barbier de la Serre |first2=Claire |last3=Espero |first3=Elvis |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Raybould |first5=Helen E. |date=2012-03-07 |editor-last=Gaetani |editor-first=Silvana |title=Leptin Resistance in Vagal Afferent Neurons Inhibits Cholecystokinin Signaling and Satiation in Diet Induced Obese Rats |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e32967 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0032967 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3296757 |pmid=22412960}}</ref>