Editing Durango (section)

===Conquest and colonial period===
[[File:Ganot-Peschard023.jpg|thumb|Azatlan-style pottery at the [[Ganot-Peschard Museum of Archeology|Durango City Archeological Museum]]]]
Durango sits on a corridor that linked central Mexico with the northwest. Before the arrival of the Spanish, the area had attracted migration into it by Huichols, Coras, Tepehuanos and Tarahumaras. These were sedentary people whose spread was checked by hostility from nomadic tribes. The eastern edge of the state was dominated by Chichimecas (particularly the [[Zacateco]]s and [[Caxcan]]es) and various tribes of the Laguna region, which were distinguished by their informal social structure and nudity.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://siglo.inafed.gob.mx/enciclopedia/EMM10durango/|title=Durango Historia|website=Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México|publisher=INAFED|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003014443/http://siglo.inafed.gob.mx/enciclopedia/EMM10durango/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Durango was the center of a colonial entity called [[Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain|Nuevo Vizcaya]] or sometimes México del Norte (Northern Mexico). It included all or part of what are now Durango, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, [[Sonora]] and [[Arizona]]. The diocese also included all or part of New Mexico, Colorado, Coahuila, Texas, Zacatecas, California and [[Baja California]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

The first Spaniard in this area was José de Angulo who arrived to the Sierra de Topia in 1532. The next expedition into the area occurred in 1552 under Ginés Vázques de Mercado, arriving to where the city of Durango is now, naming the area the Guadiana Valley after an area in Spain with a similar environment. The Cerro de Mercado is named after him,<ref name=":2" /> and the city is named after [[Durango, Biscay|Durango in Spain]]. Other explorers such as [[Nuño de Guzmán]], [[Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca|Alvar Cabeza de Vaca]] and Juan de Tapia realized expeditions but were not successful in establishing a permanent presence. However, the expedition of Cabeza de Vaca gave rise to the myth of the cities of gold and silver called Cibola and Quivira. The other expeditions would give rise to claims to the area by Jalisco and Michoacán.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Francisco de Ibarra.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Captain Francisco de Ibarra]]
The Spanish left the area alone for a time but the discovery of silver and other metals in Zacatecas in 1546 renewed interest in the area.<ref name=":0" /> Francisco de Ibarra was sent northwest from Zacatecas by his uncle Diego de Ibarra and the viceroy. Ibarra worked to conquer and hold the territory from 1554 to 1567.<ref name=":2" /> After being named conqueror and governor in 1562, Ibarra settle in San Juan (del Río) and constructed a fort.  From here he directed the discovery and exploitation of various mines in the state.<ref name=":1" /> He divided the new territory into six provinces: Guadiana, Copala, Maloya, Chiametla, Sinaloa and Santa Barbara, naming a head of government for each. Holding the land proved difficult, with Ibarra needing to reconquer areas especially in the outer periphery of Nuevo Vizcaya both because of indigenous attacks as well as the rugged terrain. Much of the territory would not be subdued until late in the 18th century.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Catedral durango day.jpg|thumb|Catedral basílica de [[Victoria de Durango]]]]
The city of Durango was officially established on July 8, 1563 with a mass celebrated by Brother Diego de Cadena where 5 de Febrero and Juarez Streets are now. It was founded specifically to be the capital of Nueva Vizcaya, near both to the new mines and the royal road connecting Mexico City and points north. The name Durango comes from Ibarra's hometown for some time the city was called Durango and Guadiana interchangeably.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://siglo.inafed.gob.mx/enciclopedia/EMM10durango/|title=Durango|website=Enciclopedia de los Muncipios de Mexico|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003014443/http://siglo.inafed.gob.mx/enciclopedia/EMM10durango/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It is distinct from cities further north as it was laid out when Philip II's Ordenanzas and Descubrimiento y Población order was still in effect.<ref name=dedavies/>  The cathedra began as the parish church, which was made with adobe with a straw roof (the last church of this construction is found in Ocotán, Durango).<ref name=":1" /> However, it burned down in the colonial period, leading to the construction of the current structure over time.<ref name=":0" />

Most of the other colonial period towns were founded as missions and or as mining centers. The first mining towns were Pánuco and Avino established in 1562.<ref name=":0" /> El Mezquital was founded in 1588. In 1597, the town of Santiago Papasquiaro and the mission of Santa Catarina de Tepehuanes was founded. Cuencamé was founded in 1598.<ref name=":2" />

The first hospital in the state, Hospital de Caridad, was founded in 1588 in Nombre de Dios. The first hospital in the capital was the Hospital de San Cosme y San Damián, founded in 1595, the same year that the first school, the Colegio de Gramática, was founded.<ref name=":2" />

The Spanish began the process of consolidating their power by the establishment of missions. The first was a [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] mission in Nombre de Dios in 1558. After, missions were established in Peñol (Peñón Blanco), San Juan Bautista del Río, Analco, Indé, Topia, La Sauceda, Cuencamé and El Mezquital. The Jesuits joined the Franciscans starting in 1590 and both orders began organizing the territory using Spanish norms. Later missions spread to Mapimí, Santiago Papasquiaro, Tepehuanes, Guanaceví, Santa María del Oro, Tamazula, Cerro Gordo (Villa Ocampo) and San Juan de Bocas (Villa Hidalgo).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />  Originally the territory was under the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guadalajara|archdiocese of Guadalajara]], but it proved too difficult to administer the large territory. In 1620, [[Pope Paul V]] established a new archdiocese in the city of Durango, with Gonzalo de Hermosillo as the first archbishop.<ref name=":0" />

The city was officially recognized as such in 1631, receiving its coat-of-arms; however, it almost disappeared during the early colonial period.<ref name=":2" /> The indigenous of the area resisted Spanish domination from the beginning.<ref name=":1" /> In 1606, the Acaxes rebelled against the Spanish due to their enslavement to work in mines.  The first century of Spanish occupation saw large rebellions by the Tepehuans and Tarahumaras. These continued into most of the 17th century and the Tarahumaras  continued into the century after that. The [[Tepehuán Revolt|Tepehuan uprising of 1616]], the most significant uprising of this time period. It almost caused the abandonment of the capital city, with the government moving to Parral for a time, but in the end, the Tepehuan were forced to flee into the mountains, dividing the ethnicity into north and south. The conquest of New Vizcaya was formally finished with the signing of several treaties with indigenous groups in 1621 and 1622.<ref name=":2" /> Durango city did not start growing again until 1680. This was because the mines in Parral had started to give out and the violence had been reduced enough by Spanish authorities. By the late 17th century, the city was ringed by haciendas, especially for sheep, which helped support the city.<ref name=":0" />

The subduing of the local native peoples did not completely end indigenous hostilities. In the 18th century Apaches and Comanches migrated in, being displaced by what is now the United States. Their attacks on towns and haciendas continues well into the late 19th century. Despite these difficulties, Durango was a base for the conquest and settlement of points north including Saltillo, Chihuahua and Parral into what is now Arizona, New Mexico and Texas, along with numerous other communities on the Pacific coast from Nayarit into California.<ref name=":2" />

Durango's economic heyday came in the 18th century, when mines such as Guanaceví, Cuencamé and San Juan del Río began to produce in 1720. The first major mine owner of the era was José del Campo Soberrón y Larrea, who built a palatial residence for himself in the city of Durango in 1776 and received the title of Count of the Valley of Suchil. Starting in the second half of the 18th century, more mines came online. The next major mine owner was Juan José Zambrano, whose mines in Guarizamay did not earn him a noble title but did give him political power in the area. He constructed the second major palatial residence of the city of Durango.  However, Zambrano's activities were curtailed by the problems caused by the American Revolution and other wars disrupting commerce with England, leading to shortages of mercury, essential for the extraction of silver.<ref name=":0" />

In 1778, the Spanish government opened up trade in more Pacific ports, including Mazatlan, which had an economic benefit to Durango. Not only did products from the area have an outlet, incoming merchandise destined for Chihuahua and Zacatecas passed through the area. This attracted business people including foreign ones from Germany, England, France and Spain who built large businesses here in the 19th century.<ref name=":0" />

During its height, Durango City's religious and cultural culture rivaled that of continental Europe even being a center for Italian liturgical music despite its isolation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=dedavies/> The Durango Cathedral has one of the larger collections of 18th-century cathedral music in the America, roughly comparable to those in Oaxaca and Bogotá, but smaller than that of Mexico City. Much of the work is that of José Bernardo Abella Grijalva and most shows Italian influence. The historic center of the city and a number of haciendas reflect its 18th-century colonial heritage.<ref name=dedavies/>