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East Java
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== Demography == {{Historical populations|1971|25516999|1980|29188852|1990|32503991|1995|33844002|2000|34783640|2010|37476757|2015|38828061|2020|40665696|2023|41527930|type=|footnote=Source: [[Badan Pusat Statistik]] 2011, 2021 and 2024.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Provinsi Jawa Timur Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.35)</ref>}} According to the 2000 [[census]], East Java had 34,765,993 people, which increased to 37,476,757 people at the 2010 Census,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jawapos.com/halaman/index.php?act=detail&nid=151080 |title=Archived copy |website=jawapos.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307211745/http://www.jawapos.com/halaman/index.php?act=detail&nid=151080 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and to 40,665,595 at the 2020 Census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021"/> making it the second most populous Indonesian province after [[West Java]]. The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 41,527,930.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Provinsi Jawa Timur Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.35)</ref> Akin to [[Central Java]], the region's birth rates are not necessarily any lower than the rest of Java, however due to net population outflows, especially in times of calamity, not limited to volcanic eruptions or droughts, the region has varying rates of population growth that are generally lower than national average. Ethnic [[Javanese people|Javanese]] dominate the Java mainland as well as the total population of the province overall, while ethnic [[Madurese people|Madurese]] inhabit Madura and the Kangean and Masalembu archipelagos, though centuries of migrations have led the Java mainland to have a larger proportion of Madurese people than Madura itself. Minorities include distinct Javanese ethnicities such as the [[Tenggerese people|Tengger]] people in the [[Mount Bromo]] region, and the [[Saminism Movement|Samin]] and the [[Osing people]] in [[Banyuwangi]]. East Java also hosts a significant population of foreign ethnic groups, such as [[Chinese Indonesian|Chinese]], Indians, and Arabs. === Ethnic and linguistic composition === {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Ethnic Groups in East Java<ref name=census2010>{{Cite web |url=http://demografi.bps.go.id/phpfiletree/bahan/kumpulan_tugas_mobilitas_pak_chotib/Kelompok_1/Referensi/BPS_kewarganegaraan_sukubangsa_agama_bahasa_2010.pdf |title=Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, Bahasa, 2010 (PDF) |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712140438/http://demografi.bps.go.id/phpfiletree/bahan/kumpulan_tugas_mobilitas_pak_chotib/Kelompok_1/Referensi/BPS_kewarganegaraan_sukubangsa_agama_bahasa_2010.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |label1 = [[Javanese people|Javanese]] |value1 = 80.69 |color1 = Violet |label2 = [[Madurese people|Madurese]] |value2 = 17.53 |color2 = DarkRed |label3 = [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]] |value3 = 0.66 |color3 = Red |label4 = Others |value4 = 1.12 |color4 = Black }} Besides the national language ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]), the people of East Java predominantly use the [[Javanese language|Javanese]] in daily life. Javanese as spoken in the western part of East Java (''Kulonan'') is a similar dialect to the one spoken in [[Central Java]], with its hierarchy of high, medium, and low registers. In the eastern part, such as Surabaya, Malang, and others, a more egalitarian version of Javanese is spoken, with less regard of hierarchy and a richer vocabulary for vulgarity. The dialect is notable for its roughness compared to other dialects spoken elsewhere in Java (especially the Mataram dialect spoken around [[Surakarta]] and [[Yogyakarta]], which is renowned for its smoothness) and contributes to the stereotype among Javanese people of East Javanese being "blunt" and "loud".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hipwee.com/hiburan/serba-serbi-kehidupan-yang-dialami-oleh-arek-arek-jowo-timur/ |title=Serba-Serbi Kehidupan yang Cuma Dialami Oleh Arek-Arek Jowo Timur |last=Karina |first=Ernia |date=2015-09-17 |work=Hipwee |access-date=2018-09-26 |language=id-ID |archive-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926205725/https://www.hipwee.com/hiburan/serba-serbi-kehidupan-yang-dialami-oleh-arek-arek-jowo-timur/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Variants of Javanese are also used by Osing and Tengger minorities, the former utilizing a [[Balinese language|Balinese]]-influenced Javanese by virtue of its closeness with Bali island, and the latter speaking an archaic form of the language that retains many features now lost in other more-innovative Javanese dialects.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=213 |title=Profile of |last=Project |first=UCLA Language Materials |date=1600-12-31 |language=en|access-date=2018-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230065855/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=213|archive-date=2010-12-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other than Javanese, minority language includes [[Madurese language|Madurese]], spoken by around 4 million ethnic Madurese people inhabiting the [[Madura Island]]s; though they live practically next door with the Javanese, the language is actually more closer genetically to Balinese, and [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Madurese-language |title=Madurese language |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2018-09-26 |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926210011/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Madurese-language |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Religion=== {{further|Islam in East Java|Hinduism in Java}} A long time ago, Hinduism and Buddhism dominated the island until [[Islam]] gradually [[The spread of Islam in Indonesia|supplanted Hinduism in the 14th and 15th century]]. The last nobles and people of the fallen [[Majapahit]] fled to [[Bali]]. Islam spread from northern cities in Java where many [[Muslim]] traders from [[Gujarat]], India stopped by. The eastern part of East Java, from Surabaya to Pasuruan, and the cities along the coast, and back to Banyuwangi to Jember, are known as the [[Eastern salient of Java|eastern salient]], or "''Kawasan Tapal Kuda''" (the Horseshoe Region). A remnant of Hindu tradition and syncretic ''[[abangan]]'' exists because of Islamic and Hinduism acculturation in Java.<gallery> File:Ampel_Mosque_in_2008.jpg|Islamic [[Ampel Mosque]], [[Surabaya]] (circa 1920s) File:Kayutangan Street with Kayutangan Cathedral in the background, 2020 (cropped).jpg|Kayutangan [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Church, Downtown [[Malang]] (circa 1935) File:Facade of East Java Christian Church, Mojowarno, Jombang, 2017-09-18.jpg|Traditional [[East Java Christian Church]], Mojowarno, [[Jombang Regency|Jombang]] File:Bromo-s6-14-2b.jpg|Tengger ([[Hindu temple]]) Pura Luhur Poten, near [[Mount Bromo|Bromo]] Crater File:001 Main Temple (25595087247).jpg|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] Maha Vihara Mojopahit, [[Trowulan]], [[Mojokerto Regency|Mojokerto]] File:Inside Kwan Sing Bio Temple, Tuban, East Java, Indonesia.jpg|Kwan Sing Bio [[Chinese temple architecture|Chinese Temple]], [[Tuban Regency|Tuban]] </gallery>
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