Editing Ellipsometry (section)

===In situ ellipsometry===
[[In situ]] ellipsometry refers to dynamic measurements during the modification process of a sample. This process can be used to study, for instance, the growth of a thin film,<ref>P. Koirala, D. Attygalle, P. Aryal, P. Pradhan, J. Chen, S. Marsillac, A.S. Ferlauto, N.J. Podraza, R.W. Collins, "Real time spectroscopic ellipsometry for analysis and control of thin film
polycrystalline semiconductor deposition in photovoltaics"</ref> including calcium phosphate mineralization at the air-liquid interface,<ref>R. Shahlori, A. R. J. Nelson, G. I. N. Waterhouse, D. J. McGillivray, "Morphological, chemical and kinetic characterisation of zein protein-induced biomimetic calcium phosphate films"</ref> etching or cleaning of a sample. By in situ ellipsometry measurements it is possible to determine fundamental process parameters, such as, growth or etch rates,  variation of optical properties with time. In situ ellipsometry measurements require a number of additional considerations: The sample spot is usually not as easily accessible as for ex situ measurements outside the process chamber. Therefore, the mechanical setup has to be adjusted, which can include additional optical elements (mirrors, prisms, or lenses) for redirecting or focusing the light beam. Because the environmental conditions during the process can be harsh, the sensitive optical elements of the ellipsometry setup must be separated from the hot zone. In the simplest case this is done by optical view ports, though strain induced birefringence of the (glass-) windows has to be taken into account or minimized. Furthermore, the samples can be at elevated temperatures, which implies different optical properties compared to samples at room temperature. Despite all these problems, in situ ellipsometry becomes more and more important as process control technique for  thin film deposition and modification tools. In situ ellipsometers can be of single-wavelength or spectroscopic type. Spectroscopic in situ ellipsometers use multichannel detectors, for instance CCD detectors, which measure the ellipsometric parameters for all wavelengths in the studied spectral range simultaneously.