Editing Extraordinary rendition (section)

== Example cases ==
=== Khaled Masri case ===
{{Main|Khaled El-Masri}}
[[Khalid El-Masri]] (born 1963) is a German citizen who was mistakenly abducted by the [[Macedonian police]], and handed over to the U.S. [[CIA]]. While in CIA custody, he was flown to Afghanistan, where he was allegedly held in a [[black site]], interrogated, beaten, strip-searched, sodomized, and subjected to other [[inhuman or degrading treatment|inhuman and degrading treatment]], which at times escalated to torture, though none of those claims can be verified.<ref>[http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/CASE_OF_EL-MASRI_v__THE_FORMER_YUGOSLAV_REPUBLIC_OF_MACEDONIA.pdf – (para. 205) El Masri v. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Protokoll Befragung Bundesinnenminister a.D. Otto Schily zur Entfuehrung von Khaled El Masri durch den CIA, 2006 |url=https://secure.wikileaks.org/wiki/Protokoll_Befragung_Bundesinnenminister_a.D._Otto_Schily_zum_Fall_El_Masri%2C_2006 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/files/pdfs/safefree/elmasri_iachr_20080409.pdf|title= ACLU petition 2006|author=ACLU}}</ref><ref>(para 151) [http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/CASE_OF_EL-MASRI_v__THE_FORMER_YUGOSLAV_REPUBLIC_OF_MACEDONIA.pdf ''El Masri v. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia'']</ref><ref name="hudoc.echr.coe.int">{{cite web|url=http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-115621|title=HUDOC – European Court of Human Rights|access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> After El-Masri held hunger strikes, and was detained for four months in the "[[Salt Pit]]", the CIA finally admitted his arrest was a mistake and released him.<ref name="wapo050906">{{cite news |author=Markon, Jerry |title=Lawsuit Against CIA is Dismissed |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/18/AR2006051802107.html |newspaper=The Washington Post|date=19 May 2006 |access-date=11 October 2008}}</ref> He is believed to be among an estimated 3,000 detainees, including several key leaders of al Qaeda, whom the CIA captured from 2001 to 2005, in its campaign to dismantle terrorist networks.<ref name="wapo051204">{{cite news|last=Priest|first=Dana|author-link=Dana Priest|date=4 December 2005|title=Wrongful Imprisonment: Anatomy of a CIA Mistake|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/03/AR2005120301476_pf.html|access-date=2 July 2013}}</ref>

=== Abu Omar case ===
{{Main|Abu Omar case}}

In 2003, [[Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr]] (aka "Abu Omar") was kidnapped by the CIA in [[Milan]] (Italy),<ref name="fotocia">{{cite web |url=http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Esteri/2005/11_Novembre/11/imam.shtml |title=Foto della Cia svela il sequestro dell'imam |trans-title=Photo of the CIA reveals the kidnapping of the imam |work=Corriere della Sera |date=12 November 2005 |language=it}}</ref> and deported to Egypt. His case has been characterized by the Swiss senator [[Dick Marty]] as a "perfect example of extraordinary rendition".<ref name="Bbc060124" /> Abu Omar was kidnapped as he walked to his mosque in Milan for noon prayers.<ref name="Fig">{{cite news |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/20060224.FIG000001516_auditions_sur_le_rapt_d_un_imam_par_la_cia.html |title=Auditions sur le rapt d'un imam par la CIA |trans-title=Hearings on the abduction of an imam by the CIA |work=[[Le Figaro]] |date=24 February 2006 |language=fr}}</ref> He was transported on a [[Learjet]] (using the  [[call sign]] SPAR 92) to [[Ramstein Air Base|Ramstein]], Germany. SPAR (Special Air Resources) is the call sign used by US senior military officers and civilian VIPs for airlift transport.<ref name="ciamethods">{{cite news |last=Hooper |first=J. |url=https://www.theguardian.com/italy/story/0,12576,1519576,00.html |title=CIA methods exposed by kidnap inquiry |work=The Guardian|location=London |date=2 July 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article732439.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220194441/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article732439.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 February 2007 |title=US military planes criss-cross Europe using bogus call sign |work=[[The Sunday Times]] |date=19 February 2006 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A second plane took him to [[Cairo]], where he was imprisoned and, he claims, tortured.<ref name="italydidntknow">Wilkinson, T. and G. Miller.  (2005).  [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/861434211.html?dids=861434211:861434211&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+1%2C+2005&author=Tracy+Wilkinson+and+Greg+Miller&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=Italy+Says+It+Didn%27t+Know+of+CIA+Plan "Italy Says It Didn't Know of CIA Plan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405112225/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/861434211.html?dids=861434211:861434211&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+1%2C+2005&author=Tracy+Wilkinson+and+Greg+Miller&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=Italy+Says+It+Didn%27t+Know+of+CIA+Plan |date=5 April 2013 }}, ''Los Angeles Times'', 1 July 2005.</ref>

In 2005, the Italian judge Guido Salvini issued a warrant for the arrest of 13 persons said to be agents or operatives of the CIA in association with Nasr's kidnapping. In December 2005, an Italian court issued a [[European arrest warrant]] against 22 CIA agents suspected of this kidnapping (including [[Robert Seldon Lady]], [[Eliana Castaldo]], Lt. Col. [[Joseph L. Romano]], III, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.statewatch.org/cia/documents/milan-tribunal-19-us-citizens-sought.pdf |title=Milan tribunal document }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.44&nbsp;MB)}}, published by [[Statewatch]], 22 June 2005</ref>). The CIA has not commented on the case, while [[Silvio Berlusconi|Berlusconi]]'s government has denied any knowledge of a kidnapping plot.<ref name="Bbc051223">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4555660.stm | title=EU-wide warrant over 'CIA kidnap' |publisher=BBC News|access-date=7 September 2006|date=23 December 2005 }}</ref> Just after the [[2006 Italian general election]]s, [[Roberto Castelli]] ([[Lega Nord]]), outgoing Justice Minister, declared to Italian prosecutors that he had not passed the [[extradition]] request to the US.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The politics of Italy|last=Newell|first=James L.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780521600460|pages=373}}</ref>

In 2005, ''The Washington Post'' reported Italian court documents which showed that the CIA tried to mislead Italian anti-terrorism police who were looking for the cleric at the time. Robert S. Lady, the CIA's substation chief in Milan, has been implicated in the abduction. In a written opinion upholding the arrest warrant, judge Enrico Manzi wrote that the evidence taken from Lady's home "removes any doubt about his participation in the preparatory phase of the abduction."<ref name="WaPo051206">{{cite news | title=CIA Ruse is Said to Have Damaged Probe in Milan: Italy Allegedly Misled on Cleric's Abduction |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/04/AR2005120400885.html |access-date=18 December 2005 |newspaper=The Washington Post|date=6 December 2005 |first=Craig |last=Whitlock}}</ref> Lady, however, alleged that the evidence had been gathered illegally, and has denied involvement in the abduction.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.blythe-systems.com/pipermail/nytr/Week-of-Mon-20051205/028234.html |title=Former CIA Agent to Fight Italian Warrant |date=9 December 2005 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=23 June 2009}}</ref> Photos of Robert (Bob) Lady and other defendants surfaced on the Web.<ref>Renditioner photos: [http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2007/03/30/18385947.php Wanted Poster for CIA's Robert Lady in Imam Rapito], ''[[Indymedia]] San Francisco'', 30 March 2007.</ref>

[[Marco Mancini]], the [[SISMI]] director of anti-terrorism and counterespionage, and Gustavo Pignero, the department's director in 2003, have been arrested on charges of complicity in a kidnapping, with the aggravating circumstances of [[abuse of power]]. Italian judges have issued 26 EU arrest warrants for U.S. citizens in connection with this event.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5149464.stm |title=Italians held over 'CIA kidnap' |publisher=BBC News |date=5 July 2006 |access-date=27 January 2007}}</ref> A judge also issued arrest warrants for four Americans, three CIA agents and an [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] officer who commanded the [[Air Force Security Forces|security forces]] at [[Aviano Air Base]] at the time of the abduction.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0705-06.htm |title=Italian Spies Arrested, Americans Sought for Kidnap |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618153022/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0705-06.htm |archivedate=18 June 2013 |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=5 July 2006 |website=[[Common Dreams]]}}</ref>

In 2007, Nasr's lawyer said Egypt had released him and he was back with his family.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6352717.stm |title=Egypt releases 'rendition' cleric |publisher=BBC News |date=12 February 2007}}</ref>

In 2009, an Italian judge convicted 22 suspected or known CIA agents, a U.S. Air Force (USAF) colonel, and two Italian secret agents of the kidnapping. These were the first legal convictions in the world against people involved in the CIA's extraordinary renditions program.

=== Majid Mahmud Abdu Ahmad case ===
{{Main|Majid Mahmud Abdu Ahmad}}
A story in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' in 2005 seems{{vague|date=January 2022}} to corroborate the claims of "torture by proxy." It mentions the attorneys for [[Majid Mahmud Abdu Ahmad]], a detainee held by the Pentagon at Guantanamo Bay, filed a petition to prevent his being transferred to foreign countries. According to the petition's description of a redacted classified [[United States Department of Defense|Defense Department]] memo from 2004, its contents say  "officials suggested sending Ahmad to an unspecified foreign country that employed torture in order to increase chances of extracting information from him."

Mr Falkoff, representing Ahmad, continued: "There is only one meaning that can be gleaned from this short passage," the petition says. "The government believes that Mr. Ahmad has information that it wants but that it cannot extract without torturing him." The petition goes on to say that because torture is not allowed at Guantanamo, "the recommendation is that Mr. Ahmad should be sent to another country where he can be interrogated under torture."<ref name="LaTimes051208">{{Cite news
|last = Ken
|first = Silverstein
|title = Pentagon Memo on Torture-Motivated Transfer cited.
|newspaper = Los Angeles Times
|date = 8 December 2005
|url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-dec-08-na-torture8-story.html
}}</ref>
In a report, regarding the allegations of CIA flights, on 13 December 2005, the rapporteur and Chair of the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]]'s Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Swiss councillor [[Dick Marty]], concluded: "The elements we have gathered so far tend to reinforce the credibility of the allegations concerning the transport and temporary detention of detainees—outside all judicial procedure—in European countries."<ref name="Bbc051213">{{cite news | title=CIA abduction claims 'credible' | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4524864.stm | access-date=18 December 2005 |publisher=BBC News | date=13 December 2005 }}</ref>
In a press conference in January 2006, he stated ''"he was personally convinced the US had undertaken illegal activities in Europe in transporting and detaining prisoners."''<ref name="Bbc060114">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4611518.stm | title=Europe 'complicit over CIA jails' |publisher=BBC News | date=14 January 2006 | access-date=7 September 2006 }}</ref>

=== Muhammad Bashmila case ===
Muhammad Bashmila, a former secret prisoner, now free in Yemen, gave an interview to the [[BBC]] ''[[Newsnight]]'' programme, where he spoke of being transferred from Afghanistan to a [[Internment camp|detention center]] where it was cold, where the food appeared European and where evening prayers were held. Somewhere in Eastern Europe is suspected.  This claim cannot be confirmed.<ref name="BBC_NOL_2006-06-07" />

=== Maher Arar case ===
{{Main|Maher Arar}}
Maher Arar, a Syrian-born dual Syrian and Canadian citizen, was detained at [[Kennedy International Airport]] on 26 September 2002, by US [[Immigration and Naturalization Service]] officials. He was heading home to Canada after a family holiday in Tunisia. After almost two weeks, enduring hours of interrogation chained, he was sent, shackled and bound, in a private jet to Jordan and then Syria, instead of being deported to Canada. There, he was interrogated and tortured by Syrian intelligence. Maher Arar was eventually released a year later. He told the BBC that he was repeatedly tortured during 10 months' detention in Syria—often whipped on the palms of his hands with metal cables. Syrian intelligence officers forced him to sign a [[Confession (law)|confession]] linking him to [[Al Qaeda]].

He was finally released following intervention by the Canadian government. The Canadian government lodged an official complaint with the US government protesting Arar's deportation. On 18 September 2006, a Canadian public enquiry presented its findings, entirely clearing Arar of any terrorist activities.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sirc-csars.gc.ca/pdfs/cm_arar_rec-eng.pdf |title=Report of the Events Relating to Maher Arar: Analysis and Recommendations }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.17&nbsp;MB)}}, Commission of Inquiry into the Actions of Canadian Officials in Relation to Maher Arar</ref> In 2004 Arar filed a lawsuit in a federal court in New York against senior U.S. officials, on charges that whoever sent him to Syria knew he would be tortured by intelligence agents.<ref name="Talesoftorture">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4502986.stm "Renditions: Tales of Torture"], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', 7 December 2005</ref> [[US Attorney General]] [[John Ashcroft]], [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Homeland Security]] Secretary [[Tom Ridge]] and [[FBI Director]] [[Robert Mueller]] were all named in the lawsuit.<ref name=bbc2004jan23>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3421743.stm Canadian sues US over deportation], BBC News, 23 January 2004</ref> In 2009, a U.S. federal appeals court ruled that U.S. law did not allow victims of extraordinary rendition to sue U.S. officials for torture suffered overseas.<ref name=maher_arar_appeal_rejected />

In 2006, Arar received the Letelier-Moffitt Human Rights Award from the [[Institute for Policy Studies]] for his ordeal. In 2007, Maher Arar received a public apology from the U.S. House of Representatives. U.S. Representative [[Dana Rohrabacher]], who apologized, stated that he would fight any efforts to end the practice.

In 2007, Arar was awarded $10.5&nbsp;million in compensation from the Canadian government for pain and suffering in his ordeal and a formal apology from Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]].<ref name="USlegislatorsapologize">[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/u-s-legislators-apologize-to-maher-arar-1.680301 U.S. legislators apologize to Maher Arar], ''CBCNews'', 18 October 2007</ref>

=== ''Mohamed et al. v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.'' ===
{{Main|Mohamed et al. v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.}}

=== Bohumil Laušman ===
{{main|Bohumil Laušman}}