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Folate
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=== Biosynthesis === Animals, including humans, cannot synthesize (produce) folate and therefore must obtain folate from their diet. All plants and fungi and certain protozoa, bacteria, and [[archaea]] can synthesize folate [[de novo synthesis|de novo]] through variations on the same [[biosynthesis|biosynthetic]] pathway.<ref name="Rossi_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rossi M, Amaretti A, Raimondi S | title = Folate production by probiotic bacteria | journal = Nutrients | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 118β34 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 22254078 | pmc = 3257725 | doi = 10.3390/nu3010118 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The folate molecule is synthesized from pterin pyrophosphate, [[para-aminobenzoic acid|''para''-aminobenzoic acid]] (PABA), and [[glutamate]] through the action of [[dihydropteroate synthase]] and [[dihydrofolate synthase]]. Pterin is in turn derived in a series of enzymatically catalyzed steps from [[guanosine triphosphate]] (GTP), while PABA is a product of the [[shikimate pathway]].<ref name="Rossi_2011" />
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