Editing Forensic science (section)

===Maturation===
[[File:JacktheRipperPuck.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Cartoon of a man holding a bloody knife looking contemptuously at a display of half-a-dozen supposed and dissimilar likenesses|Police brought to bear the latest techniques of forensic science in their attempts to identify and capture the serial killer [[Jack the Ripper]].]]

By the turn of the 20th century, the science of forensics had become largely established in the sphere of criminal investigation. Scientific and surgical investigation was widely employed by the [[Metropolitan Police]] during their pursuit of the mysterious [[Jack the Ripper]], who had killed a number of women in the 1880s. This case is a watershed in the application of forensic science. Large teams of policemen conducted house-to-house inquiries throughout Whitechapel. Forensic material was collected and examined. Suspects were identified, traced and either examined more closely or eliminated from the inquiry. Police work follows the same pattern today.<ref name=canter12>[[David Canter|Canter, David]] (1994), ''Criminal Shadows: Inside the Mind of the Serial Killer'', London: HarperCollins, pp. 12–13, {{ISBN|0002552159}}</ref> Over 2000 people were interviewed, "upwards of 300" people were investigated, and 80 people were detained.<ref>Inspector [[Donald Swanson]]'s report to the Home Office, {{Nowrap|19 October}} 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Begg, ''Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History'', p. 205; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 113; Evans and Skinner, ''The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook'', p. 125</ref>

The investigation was initially conducted by the [[Criminal Investigation Department]] (CID), headed by Detective Inspector [[Edmund Reid]]. Later, Detective Inspectors [[Frederick Abberline]], [[Henry Moore (police officer)|Henry Moore]], and [[Walter Simon Andrews|Walter Andrews]] were sent from Central Office at [[Scotland Yard]] to assist. Initially, butchers, surgeons and physicians were suspected because of the manner of the mutilations. The alibis of local butchers and slaughterers were investigated, with the result that they were eliminated from the inquiry.<ref>Inspector Donald Swanson's report to the [[Home Office]], {{Nowrap|19 October}} 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Begg, ''Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History'', p. 206 and Evans and Skinner, ''The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook'', p. 125</ref> Some contemporary figures thought the pattern of the murders indicated that the culprit was a butcher or cattle drover on one of the cattle boats that plied between London and mainland Europe. Whitechapel was close to the [[London Docks]],<ref>Marriott, John, "The Imaginative Geography of the Whitechapel murders", in Werner, p. 48</ref> and usually such boats docked on Thursday or Friday and departed on Saturday or Sunday.<ref>Rumbelow, p. 93; ''The Daily Telegraph'', {{Nowrap|10 November}} 1888, quoted in Evans and Skinner, ''The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook'', p. 341</ref> The cattle boats were examined, but the dates of the murders did not coincide with a single boat's movements, and the transfer of a crewman between boats was also ruled out.<ref>Robert Anderson to Home Office, {{Nowrap|10 January}} 1889, 144/221/A49301C ff. 235–236, quoted in Evans and Skinner, ''The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook'', p. 399</ref>

At the end of October, Robert Anderson asked police surgeon [[Thomas Bond (British physician)|Thomas Bond]] to give his opinion on the extent of the murderer's surgical skill and knowledge.<ref>Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 186–187; Evans and Skinner, ''The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook'', pp. 359–360</ref> The opinion offered by Bond on the character of the "Whitechapel murderer" is the earliest surviving [[Offender profiling|offender profile]].<ref name=canter5>Canter, pp. 5–6</ref> Bond's assessment was based on his own examination of the most extensively mutilated victim and the [[Autopsy|post mortem]] notes from the four previous canonical murders.<ref name=bond>Letter from Thomas Bond to Robert Anderson, {{Nowrap|10 November}} 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Evans and Skinner, ''The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook'', pp. 360–362 and Rumbelow, pp. 145–147</ref> In his opinion the killer must have been a man of solitary habits, subject to "periodical attacks of homicidal and erotic [[mania]]", with the character of the mutilations possibly indicating "[[satyriasis]]".<ref name=bond/> Bond also stated that "the homicidal impulse may have developed from a revengeful or brooding condition of the mind, or that religious mania may have been the original disease but I do not think either hypothesis is likely".<ref name=bond/>

[[File:The Adventure of the Abbey Grange 03.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The popular fictional character [[Sherlock Holmes]] was in many ways ahead of his time in his use of forensic analysis.]]

''Handbook for Coroners, police officials, military policemen'' was written by the [[Austrians|Austrian]] criminal jurist [[Hans Gross]] in 1893, and is generally acknowledged as the birth of the field of criminalistics. The work combined in one system fields of knowledge that had not been previously integrated, such as psychology and physical science, and which could be successfully used against crime. Gross adapted some fields to the needs of criminal investigation, such as [[crime scene photography]]. He went on to found the Institute of Criminalistics in 1912, as part of the University of Graz' Law School. This Institute was followed by many similar institutes all over the world.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Martin|title=Otto Gross, Freudian Psychoanalyst, 1877–1920|publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]]|year=1999|location=[[Lewiston, New York]]|isbn=0773481648}}</ref>

In 1909, [[Archibald Reiss]] founded the ''Institut de police scientifique'' of the [[University of Lausanne|University of Lausanne (UNIL)]], the first school of forensic science in the world. Dr. [[Edmond Locard]], became known as the "[[Sherlock Holmes]] of [[France]]". He formulated the basic principle of forensic science: "Every contact leaves a trace", which became known as [[Locard's exchange principle]]. In 1910, he founded what may have been the first criminal laboratory in the world, after persuading the Police Department of [[Lyon]] (France) to give him two attic rooms and two assistants.<ref>[http://www.apsu.edu/oconnort/3210/3210lect02.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206090107/http://www.apsu.edu/oconnort/3210/3210lect02.htm|date=6 February 2007}}</ref>

Symbolic of the newfound prestige of forensics and the use of reasoning in detective work was the popularity of the fictional character [[Sherlock Holmes]], written by [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] in the late 19th century. He remains a great inspiration for forensic science, especially for the way his acute study of a crime scene yielded small [[Clue (information)|clue]]s as to the precise sequence of events. He made great use of [[trace evidence]] such as shoe and tire impressions, as well as fingerprints, [[ballistics]] and [[Graphology|handwriting analysis]], now known as [[questioned document examination]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yMDWLq2FdrIC|title=Oxford studies in epistemology|editor=Tamar Szabo Gendler |editor2=John Hawthorne|author=Alexander Bird |chapter=Abductive Knowledge and Holmesian Inference |page=11 |isbn=978-0199285907 |year=2006|publisher=OUP Oxford }}</ref> Such evidence is used to test theories conceived by the police, for example, or by the investigator himself.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia Sherlockiana |author=Matthew Bunson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSgfAQAAIAAJ |page=50 |isbn=978-0671798260 |year=1994|publisher=Macmillan }}</ref> All of the techniques advocated by Holmes later became reality, but were generally in their infancy at the time Conan Doyle was writing. In many of his reported cases, Holmes frequently complains of the way the crime scene has been contaminated by others, especially by the police, emphasising the critical importance of maintaining its integrity, a now well-known feature of crime scene examination. He used [[analytical chemistry]] for [[blood residue]] analysis as well as [[toxicology]] examination and determination for poisons. He used [[ballistics]] by measuring bullet [[caliber|calibres]] and matching them with a suspected murder weapon.<ref>{{cite book |title=Fact and feeling: Baconian science and the nineteenth-Century literary imagination |page=214 |author=Jonathan Smith |year=1994 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFn1Zx_desIC |isbn=978-0299143541}}</ref>