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Fuel cell
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===Comparison of fuel cell types=== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan=2 | Fuel cell name ! rowspan=2 | Electrolyte ! rowspan=2 | Qualified [[electric power|power]] (W) ! rowspan=2 | Working temperature (Β°C) ! colspan=2 | [[Electrical efficiency|Efficiency]] ! rowspan=2 | Status ! rowspan=2 | Cost (USD/W) |- ! Cell ! System |- ! scope="row" |Electro-galvanic fuel cell |Aqueous alkaline solution<!--e.g., potassium hydroxide--> | |{{Good|{{Sort|39|< 40}}}} | || |{{Partial|Commercial / Research}} |3-7 |- ! scope="row" |[[Formic acid fuel cell|Direct formic acid fuel cell]] (DFAFC) |Polymer membrane (ionomer) |{{Okay|{{Sort|49|< 50 W}}}} |{{Good|{{Sort|39|< 40}}}} | || |{{Okay|Commercial / Research}} |10-20 |- ! scope="row" |[[Alkaline fuel cell]] |Aqueous alkaline solution <!--e.g., potassium hydroxide--> |{{Okay|{{Sort|10000|10β200 kW}}}} |{{Good|{{Sort|79|< 80}}}} |{{Good|{{Sort|65%|60β70%}}}} || {{Good|62%}} |{{Partial|Commercial / Research}} |50-100 |- ! scope="row" |[[Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell]] |Polymer membrane (ionomer) <!--e.g. [[Nafion]] or [[Polybenzimidazole fiber]]--> |{{Good|{{Sort|100|1 W β 500 kW}}}} |{{Okay|{{Sort|125|50β100 (Nafion)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/pdfs/fc_comparison_chart.pdf |title=Fuel Cell Comparison Chart |access-date=2013-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301120203/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/pdfs/fc_comparison_chart.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2013}}</ref><br />120β200 (PBI)}}}}<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Thermal management strategies for a 1 kWe stack of a high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell | journal=Applied Thermal Engineering | date = 15 December 2012 | doi = 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.04.041 | author = E. Harikishan Reddy | volume = 48| pages = 465β475 | last2 = Jayanti | first2 = S| bibcode=2012AppTE..48..465H }}</ref> |{{Okay|{{Sort|60%|50β70%}}}} || {{Okay|{{Sort|40%|30β50%<ref name="BadwalGiddey"/>}}}} |{{Partial|Commercial / Research}} | 50β100 |- !scope=row|[[Metal hydride fuel cell]] |[[Aqueous]] [[alkali]]ne solution | |{{Okay|{{Sort|0|> β20<br />(50% P<sub>peak</sub> @ 0 Β°C)}}}} | || |{{Partial|[[Research and development|Commercial / Research]]}} |30-200 |- !scope=row|[[Zincβair battery]] |Aqueous alkaline solution<!--e.g., potassium hydroxide--> | |{{Good|{{Sort|39|< 40}}}} || | |{{yes2}}[[Mass production]] |150-300 |- ! scope="row" |[[Direct carbon fuel cell]] |Several different | |{{Bad|{{Sort|775|700β850}}}} |{{Good|80%}} || {{Good|70%}} |{{Partial|Commercial / Research}} |18 |- ! scope="row" |[[Direct borohydride fuel cell]] |Aqueous alkaline solution<!--e.g., potassium hydroxide--> | |{{Good|70}} | || |{{yes2|Commercial}} |400-450 |- !scope=row|[[Microbial fuel cell]] |Polymer membrane or [[humic acid]] | |{{Good|{{Sort|39|< 40}}}} | || |{{Beta|Research}} |10-50 |- !scope=row|Upflow microbial fuel cell (UMFC) | | |{{Good|{{Sort|39|< 40}}}} | || |{{Beta|Research}} |1-5 |- !scope=row|[[Regenerative fuel cell]] |Polymer membrane ([[ionomer]]) | |{{Good|{{Sort|49|< 50}}}} | || |{{Partial|Commercial / Research}} |200-300 |- !scope=row|[[Direct methanol fuel cell]] |Polymer membrane (ionomer) |{{Okay|{{Sort|0.1|100 mW β 1 kW}}}} |{{Okay|{{Sort|105|90β120}}}} |{{Bad|{{Sort|25%|20β30%}}}} || {{Bad|{{Sort|15%|10β25%<ref name="BadwalGiddey">{{cite journal|last1=Badwal|first1=Sukhvinder P. S.|last2=Giddey|first2=Sarbjit S.|last3=Munnings|first3=Christopher|last4=Bhatt|first4=Anand I.|last5=Hollenkamp|first5=Anthony F.|title=Emerging electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies|journal=Frontiers in Chemistry|date=24 September 2014|volume=2|pages=79|doi=10.3389/fchem.2014.00079|pmid=25309898|pmc=4174133|bibcode=2014FrCh....2...79B|doi-access=free}}</ref>}}}} |{{Partial|Commercial / Research}} |125 |- !scope=row|[[Reformed methanol fuel cell]] |Polymer membrane (ionomer) |{{Okay|{{Sort|5|5 W β 100 kW}}}} |{{Okay|{{Sort|200|250β300 (reformer)<br />125β200 (PBI)}}}} |{{Bad|{{Sort|55%|50β60%}}}} || {{Bad|{{Sort|33%|25β40%}}}} |{{Partial|Commercial / Research}} |8.50 |- !scope=row|[[Direct-ethanol fuel cell]] |Polymer membrane (ionomer) |{{Okay|{{Sort|0|< 140 mW/cmΒ²}}}} |{{Okay|{{Sort|26|> 25<br />? 90β120}}}} | || |{{Beta|Research}} |12 |- !scope=row|[[Flow Battery#Classes of flow batteries|Redox fuel cell]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-19|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Flow Battery#Classes of flow batteries|reason= The anchor (Classes of flow batteries) [[Special:Diff/655911549|has been deleted]].}} (RFC) |Liquid electrolytes with [[redox]] shuttle and polymer membrane (ionomer) |{{Good|{{Sort|1000|1 kW β 10 MW}}}} | || | |{{Beta|Research}} |12.50 |- !scope=row|[[Phosphoric acid fuel cell]] |Molten [[phosphoric acid]] (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>) |{{Good|{{Sort|999999|< 10 MW}}}} |{{Bad|{{Sort|175|150β200}}}} |{{Okay|55%}} || {{Okay|{{Sort|40%|40%<ref name="BadwalGiddey"/><br />Co-gen: 90%}}}} |{{Partial|Commercial / Research}} | 4.00β4.50 |- !scope=row|[[Solid acid fuel cell]] |H<sup>+</sup>-conducting oxyanion salt (solid acid) |{{Okay|{{Sort|505|10 W β 1 kW}}}} |{{Bad|{{Sort|250|200β300}}}} |{{Okay|{{Sort|58|55β60%}}}} |{{Okay|{{Sort|42|40β45%}}}} |{{Partial|Commercial / Research}} |15 |- !scope=row|[[Molten carbonate fuel cell]] |Molten alkaline [[carbonate]] <!--e.g., [[sodium bicarbonate]] NaHCO<sub>3</sub>--> |{{Good|{{Sort|100000000|100 MW}}}} |{{Bad|{{Sort|625|600β650}}}} |{{Okay|55%}} || {{Okay|45β55%<ref name="BadwalGiddey"/>}} |{{Partial|Commercial / Research}} |1000 |- !scope=row|[[Tubular solid oxide fuel cell]] (TSOFC) |O<sup>2β</sup>-conducting ceramic [[oxide]] <!--e.g., [[zirconium dioxide]], ZrO<sub>2</sub>--> |{{Good|{{Sort|99999999|< 100 MW}}}} |{{Bad|{{Sort|975|850β1100}}}} |{{Good|{{Sort|63%|60β65%}}}} || {{Good|{{Sort|57%|55β60%}}}} |{{Partial|Commercial / Research}} |3.50 |- !scope=row|[[Protonic ceramic fuel cell]] |H<sup>+</sup>-conducting ceramic oxide | |{{Bad|700}} | || |{{Beta|Research}} |80 |- !scope=row|Planar [[solid oxide fuel cell]] |O<sup>2β</sup>-conducting ceramic [[oxide]] <!--e.g., [[zirconium dioxide]], ZrO<sub>2</sub> Lanthanum Nickel Oxide La<sub>2</sub>XO<sub>4</sub>, X = Ni, Co, Cu--> |{{Good|{{Sort|99999999|< 100 MW}}}} |{{Bad|{{Sort|975|500β1100}}}} |{{Good|{{Sort|63%|60β65%}}}} || {{Good|{{Sort|57%|55β60%<ref name="BadwalGiddey"/>}}}} |{{Partial|Commercial / Research}} |800 |- !scope=row|[[Enzymatic Biofuel Cells|Enzymatic biofuel cells]] |Any that will not denature the enzyme <!--usually aqueous [[buffer]]--> | |{{Good|{{Sort|39|< 40}}}} | || |{{Beta|Research}} |10 |- !scope=row|[[Magnesium-air fuel cell]] |Salt water | |{{Good|{{Sort|β20|β20 to 55}}}} |{{Good|{{Sort|90%|90%}}}}|| |{{Partial|Commercial / Research}} |15 |} Glossary of terms in table: {{further|glossary of fuel cell terms}} ; [[Anode]]: The electrode at which oxidation (a loss of electrons) takes place. For fuel cells and other galvanic cells, the anode is the negative terminal; for electrolytic cells (where electrolysis occurs), the anode is the positive terminal.<ref name="fctpglossary"/> ; [[Aqueous solution]]<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aqueous "Aqueous Solution"]. Merriam-Webster Free Online Dictionary</ref>{{defn|Of, relating to, or resembling water}}{{defn|Made from, with, or by water.}} ; [[Catalyst]]: A chemical substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed; after the reaction, it can potentially be recovered from the reaction mixture and is chemically unchanged. The catalyst lowers the activation energy required, allowing the reaction to proceed more quickly or at a lower temperature. In a fuel cell, the catalyst facilitates the reaction of oxygen and hydrogen. It is usually made of platinum powder very thinly coated onto carbon paper or cloth. The catalyst is rough and porous so the maximum surface area of the platinum can be exposed to the hydrogen or oxygen. The platinum-coated side of the catalyst faces the membrane in the fuel cell.<ref name="fctpglossary"/> ; [[Cathode]]: The electrode at which reduction (a gain of electrons) occurs. For fuel cells and other galvanic cells, the cathode is the positive terminal; for electrolytic cells (where electrolysis occurs), the cathode is the negative terminal.<ref name="fctpglossary"/> ; [[Electrolyte]]: A substance that conducts charged ions from one electrode to the other in a fuel cell, battery, or electrolyzer.<ref name="fctpglossary">[http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/glossary.html#c "Fuel Cell Technologies Program: Glossary"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223003718/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/glossary.html |date=23 February 2014 }}. Department of Energy Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Program. 7 July 2011. Accessed 3 August 2011.</ref> ; Fuel cell stack: Individual fuel cells connected in a series. Fuel cells are stacked to increase voltage.<ref name="fctpglossary"/> ; Matrix: something within or from which something else originates, develops, or takes form.<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/matrix "Matrix"]. Merriam-Webster Free Online Dictionary</ref> ; [[Membrane (selective barrier)|Membrane]]: The separating layer in a fuel cell that acts as electrolyte (an ion-exchanger) as well as a barrier film separating the gases in the anode and cathode compartments of the fuel cell.<ref name="fctpglossary"/> ; [[Molten carbonate fuel cell]] (MCFC): A type of fuel cell that contains a molten carbonate electrolyte. Carbonate ions (CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2β</sup>) are transported from the cathode to the anode. Operating temperatures are typically near 650 Β°C.<ref name="fctpglossary"/> ; [[Phosphoric acid fuel cell]] (PAFC): A type of fuel cell in which the electrolyte consists of concentrated phosphoric acid (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>). Protons (H+) are transported from the anode to the cathode. The operating temperature range is generally 160β220 Β°C.<ref name="fctpglossary"/> ; [[Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell]] (PEM): A fuel cell incorporating a solid polymer membrane used as its electrolyte. Protons (H+) are transported from the anode to the cathode. The operating temperature range is generally 60β100 Β°C for Low Temperature Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (LT-PEMFC).<ref name="fctpglossary"/> PEM fuel cell with operating temperature of 120-200 Β°C is called [[High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell|High Temperature Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell]] (HT-PEMFC).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Araya|first=Samuel Simon|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857436369|title=High temperature PEM fuel cells - degradation & durability : dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Aalborg University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy|date=2012|publisher=Aalborg University, Department of Energy Technology|isbn=978-87-92846-14-3|location=Aalborg|oclc=857436369}}</ref> ; [[Solid oxide fuel cell]] (SOFC): A type of fuel cell in which the electrolyte is a solid, nonporous metal oxide, typically zirconium oxide (ZrO<sub>2</sub>) treated with Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and O<sup>2β</sup> is transported from the cathode to the anode. Any CO in the reformate gas is oxidized to CO<sub>2</sub> at the anode. Temperatures of operation are typically 800β1,000 Β°C.<ref name="fctpglossary"/> ; [[Solution (chemistry)|Solution]]<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/solution "Solution"]. Merriam-Webster Free Online Dictionary</ref>{{defn|An act or the process by which a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance is homogeneously mixed with a liquid or sometimes a gas or solid.}}{{defn|A homogeneous mixture formed by this process; especially : a single-phase liquid system.}}{{defn|The condition of being dissolved.}}
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