Editing Grounded theory (section)

===Constructivist grounded theory===
A later version of grounded theory called constructivist grounded theory, which is rooted in [[pragmatism]] and [[constructivist epistemology]], assumes that neither data nor theories are discovered, but are constructed by researchers as a result of their interactions with the field and study participants.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mills | first1 = J. | last2 = Bonner | first2 = A. | last3 = Francis | first3 = K. | year = 2006 | title = The development of constructivist grounded theory | journal = International Journal of Qualitative Methods | volume = 5 | pages = 25–35 | doi = 10.1177/160940690600500103 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Proponents of this approach include [[Kathy Charmaz]]<ref>Charmaz, K. (2000). Grounded theory: Objectivist and constructivist methods. In N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), ''Handbook of qualitative research'' (2nd ed., pp. 509–535). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</ref><ref>Charmaz, K. (2006). ''Constructing grounded theory''. London: Sage.</ref><ref>Charmaz, K. (2008). Constructionism and the grounded theory method. In J.A. Holstein & J.F. Gubrium (Eds.), ''Handbook of constructionist research'' (pp. 397–412). New York: The Guilford Press.</ref><ref>Thornberg, R., & Charmaz, K. (2012). Grounded theory. In S. D. Lapan, M. Quartaroli, & F. Reimer (Eds.), ''Qualitative research: An introduction to methods and designs'' (pp. 41–67). San Francisco, CA: John Wiley/Jossey–Bass.</ref> and Antony Bryant.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bryant|first1=A|year=2002|title=Re-grounding grounded theory|journal=Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application|volume=4|pages=25–42}}</ref>

In an interview, Charmaz justified her approach as follows: "Grounded theory methodology had been under attack. The postmodern critique of qualitative research had weakened its legitimacy and narrative analysts criticized grounded theory methodology for fragmenting participants' stories. Hence, grounded theory methodology was beginning to be seen as a dated methodology and some researchers advocated abandoning it. I agreed with much of the epistemological critique of the early versions of grounded theory methodology by people like [[Kenneth Gergen]]. However, I had long thought that the strategies of grounded theory methodology, including coding, memo writing, and theoretical sampling were excellent methodological tools. I saw no reason to discard these tools and every reason to shift the epistemological grounds on which researchers used them."<ref>A Personal Journey with Grounded Theory Methodology: Kathy Charmaz in Conversation With Reiner Keller. FQS, Volume 17, No. 1, Art. 16 – January 2016. https://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/2541/3936#g4</ref>

Data are co-constructed by the researcher and study participants, and colored by the researcher's perspectives, values, privileges, positions, interactions, and geographical locations.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} This position takes a middle ground between the realist and postmodernist positions by assuming an "obdurate reality" at the same time as it assumes multiple perspectives on that reality. Within the framework of this approach, a literature review prior to data collection is used in a productive and data-sensitive way without forcing the conclusions contained in the review on the collected data.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Thornberg | first1 = R | year = 2012 | title = Informed grounded theory | url = http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:433790/FULLTEXT01| journal = Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research | volume = 56 | issue = 3| pages = 243–259 | doi=10.1080/00313831.2011.581686| s2cid = 39486623 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ramalho |first1=Rodrigo |last2=Adams |first2=Peter |last3=Huggard |first3=Peter |last4=Hoare |first4=Karen |title=Literature Review and Constructivist Grounded Theory Methodology |journal=Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research |date=2015 |volume=16 |issue=3 |doi=10.17169/fqs-16.3.2313|doi-access=free}}</ref>