Editing Human zoo (section)

== Exhibitions after 1940 ==
[[File:Tervuren_Duisburgsesteenweg_Langa_(1)_-_313441_-_onroerenderfgoed.jpg|thumb|right|Tomb of Juste Bonaventure Langa, in the Tervuren cemetery. Born on 26 September 1957 in Leopoldville (Kinshasa), he died on 22 May 1958 in Leuven, during the Expo 58. On his grave is a marble plaque bearing the inscription "Exposition Universelle 1958 / Congo pense à toi"]]
[[File:Kongolandsbyen 2014.JPG|thumb|right|A modern art project replica of the 1914 [[Belgian Congo|Congo]] village exhibition in [[Oslo]] (2014)]]
As part of the [[Portuguese World Exhibition]] in 1940, members of a tribe from the [[Bissagos Islands]] of [[Guinea-Bissau]] were displayed on an island in a lake in the [[Lisbon Tropical Botanical Garden]].<ref name="Casa">{{cite web |last1=Martins |first1=Rui |title=Qual é a história do Jardim Botânico Tropical de Belém? |url=https://casadasaranhas.com/2020/06/21/qual-e-a-historia-do-jardim-botanico-tropical-de-belem/ |website=Casa das Aranhas |date=21 June 2020 |access-date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712152248/https://casadasaranhas.com/2020/06/21/qual-e-a-historia-do-jardim-botanico-tropical-de-belem/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A [[Belgian Congo|Congo]]lese village was displayed at the [[Expo '58|Brussels 1958 World's Fair]].<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050210220025/http://www.cobelco.org/Library/zoohumain_belgique.htm Cobelco. Belgium human zoo]; {{cite news|title=Peut-on exposer des Pygmées? [link broken] |publisher=[[Le Soir]] |date=27 July 2002 |url=http://www.cobelco.org/Library/Soir_peutonexposerdespygmees.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208232830/http://www.cobelco.org/Library/Soir_peutonexposerdespygmees.htm |archive-date=8 February 2005 }}</ref> The Congolese on display were among 598 people—including 273 men, 128 women and 197 children, a total of 183 families.<ref>{{in lang|en}} {{cite news |title=Belgium comes to terms with 'human zoos' of its colonial past |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 Apr 2018 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/16/belgium-comes-to-terms-with-human-zoos-of-its-colonial-past |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417213344/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/16/belgium-comes-to-terms-with-human-zoos-of-its-colonial-past |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=31 August 2023 }}; {{cite news|title=Belgium comes to terms with 'human zoos' of its colonial past |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 Apr 2018 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/16/belgium-comes-to-terms-with-human-zoos-of-its-colonial-past |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417213344/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/16/belgium-comes-to-terms-with-human-zoos-of-its-colonial-past |archive-date=17 Apr 2023 }}</ref> Eight-month-old baby Juste Bonaventure Langa died during Expo 58; he rests in the Tervuren cemetery.<ref>{{in lang|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20230417213344/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/16/belgium-comes-to-terms-with-human-zoos-of-its-colonial-past The human zoo of Tervuren (1897)]; {{cite news|title=The human zoo of Tervuren (1897) |publisher=[[Royal Museum for Central Africa]] |date=15 September 2020 |url=https://www.africamuseum.be/en/discover/history_articles/the_human_zoo_of_tervuren_1897 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509015948/https://www.africamuseum.be/en/discover/history_articles/the_human_zoo_of_tervuren_1897 |archive-date=9 May 2023 }}</ref> In mid-July the Congolese protested the condescending treatment they were receiving from spectators and demanded to be sent home, abruptly ending the exhibit and eliciting some sympathy from European newspapers.<ref name=Stanard>{{cite journal| last=Stanard| first=Matthew| date=April 2005| title='Bilan du monde pour un monde plus déshumanisé': The 1958 Brussels World's Fair and Belgian Perceptions of the Congo| url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0265691405051467|journal=European History Quarterly| language=en-US| volume=35| issue=2| pages=267–298| doi=10.1177/0265691405051467| s2cid=143002285| issn=0265-6914| url-access=subscription}}</ref>
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:African Girl, 1958 Expo.jpeg|thumb|African girl on display behind wooden fences in "Congolese Village" (1958) at the Brussels World Fair{{Deletable file-caption|Sunday, 4 June 2023|F7}}]] -->

In April 1994, an example of an [[Ivory Coast]] village was presented as part of an African safari in [[Port-Saint-Père]], near [[Nantes]], in France, later called [[Planete Sauvage (safari park)|Planète Sauvage]].<ref>Barlet, Olivier and Blanchard, Pascal, [http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=article&no=3920 "Le retour des zoos humains"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222192309/http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=article&no=3920 |date=22 February 2014 }}, abridged in "Les zoos humains sont-ils de retour?", [[Le Monde]], 28 June 2005. (French)</ref>

In July 2005, the [[Augsburg Zoo]] in Germany hosted an "African village" featuring African crafts and African cultural performances. The event was subject to widespread criticism.<ref>{{in lang|en|fr}} {{cite news |title=Vers un nouveau zoo humain en Allemagne? (original text in English below the French translation) |publisher=[[Indymedia]] |date=6 December 2005 |url=http://grenoble.indymedia.org/index.php?page=article&filtre=1&numpageA=3&id=1635 |access-date=21 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319214540/http://grenoble.indymedia.org/index.php?page=article&filtre=1&numpageA=3&id=1635 |archive-date=19 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}; {{cite news |title=England Hacks Away at the Shaken EU |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=6 June 2005 |url=http://service.spiegel.de/cache/international/0,1518,359304,00.html }}; {{cite news |title=A Different View of the Human Zoo |work=Der Spiegel |date=13 June 2005 |url=http://service.spiegel.de/cache/international/0,1518,360267,00.html }}; {{cite news |title=Zoo sparks row over 'tribesmen' props for animals, by Allan Hall |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=8 June 2005 |url=http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=627152005 |access-date=21 January 2006 |archive-date=9 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209223444/http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=627152005 |url-status=live }}; [http://www.eth.mpg.de/events/current/pdf/1120750934-01.pdf Critical analysis of the Augsburg human zoo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104161839/http://www.eth.mpg.de/events/current/pdf/1120750934-01.pdf |date=4 January 2006 }} ("Organizers and visitors were not racist but they participated in and reflected a process that has been called racialization: the daily and often taken-for-granted means by which humans are separated into supposedly biologically based and unequal categories", etc.)</ref> Defenders of the event argued that it was not racist since it did not involve exhibiting Africans in a debasing way, as had been done at zoos in the past. Critics argued that presenting African culture in the context of a zoo contributed to [[Exoticism|exoticizing]] and stereotyping Africans, thus laying the ground work for racial discrimination, and that solidarity and mutual understanding with African people were not primary aims of the event.<ref name="Schiller">{{cite web |last1=Schiller |first1=Nina Glick |last2=Dea |first2=Data |last3=Höhne |first3=Markus |title=African Culture and the Zoo in the 21st Century: The "African Village" in the Augsburg Zoo and Its Wider Implications |url=http://www.eth.mpg.de/events/current/pdf/1120750934-01.pdf |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104161839/http://www.eth.mpg.de/events/current/pdf/1120750934-01.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2006 |date=4 July 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In August 2005, [[London Zoo]] displayed four human volunteers wearing fig leaves (and bathing suits) for four days.<ref>[http://www.zsl.org/london-zoo/whats-on/the-human-zoo,94,EV.html London Zoo official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116015505/http://www.zsl.org/london-zoo/whats-on/the-human-zoo,94,EV.html |date=16 January 2006 }};{{cite news | title=Humans strip bare for zoo exhibit | work=BBC News | date=25 August 2005 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4184466.stm | access-date=5 January 2010 | archive-date=11 February 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211083859/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4184466.stm | url-status=live }};{{cite news | title=Humans On Display At London's Zoo | publisher=CBS News | date=26 August 2005 | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/humans-on-display-at-londons-zoo/ | access-date=21 January 2006 | archive-date=12 November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112131955/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/08/26/world/main798423.shtml | url-status=live }};{{cite news|title=The human zoo? by Debra Saunders (a bit more critical)|publisher=[[Townhall]]|date=1 September 2005|url=http://www.townhall.com/columnists/DebraJSaunders/2005/09/01/the_human_zoo|access-date=8 August 2006|archive-date=25 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025084719/http://townhall.com/columnists/debrajsaunders/2005/09/01/the_human_zoo|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2007, [[Adelaide Zoo]] ran a Human Zoo exhibition which consisted of a group of people who, as part of a study exercise, had applied to be housed in the former ape enclosure by day, but then returned home by night.<ref>{{cite news|title=Humans on display at Adelaide Zoo |publisher=[[tvnz]] |date=12 January 2007 |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/content/957918/3362663.xhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222070938/http://tvnz.co.nz/content/957918/3362663.xhtml |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> The inhabitants took part in several exercises, and spectators were asked for donations towards a new ape enclosure.

In August 2014, as part of the [[Edinburgh International Festival]], South African theatre-maker [[Brett Bailey]]'s show ''Exhibit B'' was performed in the Playfair Library Hall, [[University of Edinburgh]]; then in September at [[Barbican Centre|The Barbican]] in London.  This explored the nature of Human Zoos and raised much controversy both amongst the performers and the audiences.<ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Mahony|first=John|date=11 August 2014|title=Edinburgh's most controversial show: Exhibit B, a human zoo|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/aug/11/-sp-exhibit-b-human-zoo-edinburgh-festivals-most-controversial|access-date=7 June 2020|website=The Guardian|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607212141/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/aug/11/-sp-exhibit-b-human-zoo-edinburgh-festivals-most-controversial|url-status=live}}</ref>

With a view to tackling the morality of Human Zoo exhibits, 2018 saw the poster exhibition, ''Putting People on Display'', tour [[Glasgow School of Art]], the [[University of Edinburgh]], the [[University of Stirling]], the [[University of St Andrews]] and the [[University of Aberdeen]].  Additional posters were added to a selection from the French ACHAC's exhibition, ''Human Zoos: the Invention of the Savage'', in relation to the Scottish dimension in hosting such shows.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 June 2018|title=ACHAC's 'Human Zoos' Exhibition: Scottish University Tour|url=https://frenchatstirling.wordpress.com/2018/06/14/achacs-human-zoos-exhibition-scottish-university-tour/|access-date=7 June 2020|website=French at Stirling|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607212142/https://frenchatstirling.wordpress.com/2018/06/14/achacs-human-zoos-exhibition-scottish-university-tour/|url-status=live}}</ref>