Editing Inertial electrostatic confinement (section)

===POPS===

In examining [[nonthermal plasma]], workers at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|LANL]] realized that scattering was more likely than fusion. This was due to the [[Coulomb collision|coulomb scattering]] cross section being larger than the fusion cross section.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Evstatiev |first1=E. G. |last2=Nebel |first2=R. A. |last3=Chacón |first3=L. |last4=Park |first4=J. |last5=Lapenta |first5=G. |year=2007 |title=Space charge neutralization in inertial electrostatic con?nement plasmas |journal=Phys. Plasmas |volume=14 |issue=4 |page=042701 |bibcode=2007PhPl...14d2701E |doi=10.1063/1.2711173 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232027 |access-date=2019-12-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712185644/https://zenodo.org/record/1232027 |archive-date=2022-07-12}}</ref> In response they built POPS,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=J. |last2=Nebel |first2=R. A. |last3=Stange |first3=S. |last4=Murali |first4=S. Krupakar |title=Periodically oscillating plasma sphere |journal=Physics of Plasmas |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=056315 |issn=1070-664X |doi=10.1063/1.1888822 |date=2005 |bibcode=2005PhPl...12e6315P |url=https://zenodo.org/records/1231941/files/article.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="park">{{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=J. |display-authors=etal |year=2005 |title=Experimental Observation of a Periodically Oscillating Plasma Sphere in a Gridded Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Device |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=95 |issue=1 |page=015003 |bibcode=2005PhRvL..95a5003P |pmid=16090625 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.015003 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233951 |access-date=2020-09-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023003428/https://zenodo.org/record/1233951 |archive-date=2020-10-23}}</ref> a machine with a wire cage, where ions are moving at steady-state, or oscillating around. Such plasma can be at local thermodynamic equilibrium.<ref name=Barnes1998}<ref>R. A. Nebel and D. C. Barnes, ''Fusion Technol.'' 38, 28, 1998.</ref> The ion oscillation is predicted to maintain the equilibrium distribution of the ions at all times, which would eliminate any power loss due to Coulomb scattering, resulting in a [[net energy gain]]. Working off this design, researchers in Russia simulated the POPS design using [[particle-in-cell]] code in 2009.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kurilenkov |first1=Yu. K. |last2=Tarakanov |first2=V. P. |last3=Gus'kov |first3=S. Yu. |title=Inertial electrostatic confinement and nuclear fusion in the interelectrode plasma of a nanosecond vacuum discharge. II: Particle-in-cell simulations |journal=Plasma Physics Reports |publisher=Pleiades Publishing Ltd |volume=36 |issue=13 |year=2010 |issn=1063-780X |pages=1227–1234 |bibcode=2010PlPhR..36.1227K |s2cid=123118883 |doi=10.1134/s1063780x10130234}}</ref> This reactor concept becomes increasingly efficient as the size of the device shrinks. However, very high transparencies (>99.999%) are required for successful operation of the POPS concept. To this end S. Krupakar Murali et al., suggested that [[carbon nanotube]]s can be used to construct the cathode grids.<ref name="S. Krupakar Murali">S. Krupakar Murali et al.,"Carbon Nanotubes in IEC Fusion Reactors", ANS 2006 Annual Meeting, June 4–8, Reno, Nevada.</ref> This is also the first (suggested) application of carbon nanotubes directly in any fusion reactor.