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Javanese script
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=== Vowels === ''Aksara swara'' (ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦱ꧀ꦮꦫ) are characters used to write independent vowels. Javanese script has 14 vowel characters inherited from the Sanskrit writing tradition.{{sfn|Poerwadarminta|1930|pp=9–12}} Modern Javanese no longer uses the entire set of ''swara'', so now only the short vowel characters are generally taught. In modern writing, ''aksara swara'' is used to replace the ''aksara wyanjana'' ha ꦲ (whose pronunciation can be ambiguous as it serves a dual function as the phoneme /ha/ and /a/) in foreign names or terms whose pronunciation needs clarification.{{sfn|Darusuprapta|2002|pp=13-15}} ''Sandhangan swara'' (ꦱꦤ꧀ꦝꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦮꦫ) are diacritics used to change a consonant's inherent vowel /a/ to other vowels, as shown below:{{Sfn|Darusuprapta|2002|pp=19-24}} {{plain row headers}} {| class="wikitable letters-lo plain-row-headers letters-violet" |+ ''Aksara swara'' with their ''sandhangan swara'' and examples with {{angbr|{{Script|Java|ꦲ and ꦏ}}}}{{sfn|Darusuprapta|2002|pp=19-24}} |- ! colspan=6 | Short ! colspan=6 | Long |- |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦄ|ipa=/a/}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦆ|ipa=/i/}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦈ|ipa=/u/}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦌ|ipa=/e/}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦎ|ipa=/o/}} | |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦄꦴ|ipa=/aː/}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦇ|ipa=/iː/}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦈꦴ|ipa=/uː/}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦍ|ipa=/aj/}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦎꦴ|ipa=/au/}} |- |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=-}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch= ꦶ|top=wulu}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦸ|top=suku}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦺ|top=taling}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦺꦴ|top=taling-tarung}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|wd=left|ch=ꦼ|top=pepet}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦴ|top=tarung}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦷ|top=wulu melik}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦹ|top=suku mendut}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦻ|top=dirga muré}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦻꦴ|top=dirga muré-tarung}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch= ꦼꦴ|top=pepet-tarung}} |- |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦲ|note=a}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦲꦶ|note=i}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦲꦸ|note=u}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦲꦺ|note=é}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦲꦺꦴ|note=o}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦲꦼ|note=e}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦲꦴ|note=ā}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦲꦷ|note=ī}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦲꦹ|note=ū}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦲꦻ|note=ai}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦲꦻꦴ|note=au}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦲꦼꦴ|note=eu}} |- |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦏ|note=ka}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦏꦶ|note=ki}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦏꦸ|note=ku}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦏꦺ|note=ké}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦏꦺꦴ|note=ko}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦏꦼ|note=ke}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦏꦴ|note=kā}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦏꦷ|note=kī}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦏꦹ|note=kū}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦏꦻ|note=kai}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦏꦻꦴ|note=kau}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦏꦼꦴ|note=keu}} |} Just like ''aksara swara'', only short vowel diacritics are generally taught and used in contemporary Javanese, while long vowel diacritics are used in writing Sanskrit and Kawi. ''Pa cerek'' ꦉ, ''pa cerek dirgha'' ꦉꦴ, ''nga lelet'' ꦊ, and ''nga lelet raswadi'' ꦋ are [[Syllabic consonant|syllabic consonants]] that are considered vowels in Sanskrit-Kawi.<ref name="woodard">{{cite book|title=The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas|first=Roger D|last=Woodard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|page=9|isbn=978-0521684941}}</ref>{{sfn|Poerwadarminta|1930|pp=11}} When used in languages other than Sanskrit, the pronunciation of these four characters often varies. In modern Javanese, only ''pa cerek'' is pronounced /rə/ and ''nga lelet'' is pronounced /lə/. In modern teaching, these characters are often separated from ''aksara swara'' and known as ''aksara gantèn'' (replacement characters). They are used to replace every combination of ra + pepet (ꦫꦼ → ꦉ) and la + pepet (ꦭꦼ → ꦊ).{{sfn|Darusuprapta|2002|pp=20}}. ''Pa cerek dirgha'' and ''nga lelet raswadi'' are not used in modern Javanese. ==== ''Panyigeging wanda'' ==== Diacritics ({{langx|jv|ꦱꦤ꧀ꦝꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦥꦚꦶꦒꦼꦒꦶꦁꦮꦤ꧀ꦢ|sandhangan panyigeging vanda}}) are used to close a syllable with a consonant. {| class="wikitable letters-violet letters-lo" |+ Panyigeging wanda |- !{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch= ꦀ|top=panyangga|note=[[nasal consonant|nasal]] {{noteTag|name=nasal|group=wanda|usually used in transcription of Balinese lontars for writing the sacred syllable ''[[om|ong]]'' {{lang|ban|ꦎꦀ}}}}}} !{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch= ꦁ|top=cecek|note=-ng}} !{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch= ꦂ|top=layar|note=-r}} !{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch= ꦃ|top=wignyan|note=-h}} !{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch= ꧀|top=pangkon|note={{noteTag|name=virama|group=wanda|used in final syllables, but not in the middle of a word.}}}} |- |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦏꦀ|note=kam}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦏꦁ|note=kang}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦏꦂ|note=kar}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦏꦃ|note=kah}} |{{letter|l=jv|s=Java|ch=ꦏ꧀|note=k}} |} {{noteFoot|group=wanda}}
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