Editing Lethal injection (section)

===New lethal injection protocols===
The [[Ohio]] protocol, developed after the incomplete execution of [[Romell Broom]], aims to ensure the rapid and painless onset of [[anesthesia]] by only using [[sodium thiopental]] and eliminating the use of Pavulon and potassium as the second and third drugs, respectively. It also provides for a secondary [[fail-safe]] measure using intramuscular injection of midazolam, followed by sufentanil or hydromorphone in the event intravenous administration of the sodium thiopental proves problematic.<ref name="New Ohio Poisoning Protocol">{{cite web |url=http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/Kentuckynews.pdf |title=Comments on the proposed "Death Penalty Procedures," 501 KAR 16:001–16:340 |format=letter to Amy V. Barker, Assistant General Counsel, Department of Justice and Public Safety Cabinet, Commonwealth of Kentucky |publisher=University of California, Berkeley – School of Law – Death Penalty Clinic |first1=Megan |last1=McCracken |first2=Jen |last2=Moreno |date=January 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814192348/http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/Kentuckynews.pdf |archive-date=August 14, 2011 |df=mdy-all |access-date=February 25, 2012 }}</ref> The first state to switch to use [[midazolam]] as the first drug in a new three-drug protocol was Florida on October 15, 2013.<ref name="state by state" /> Then on November 14, 2013, Ohio made the same move.

* Primary: Sodium thiopental, 5&nbsp;grams, intravenous
* Secondary: [[Midazolam]], 10&nbsp;mg, intramuscular, [[sufentanil]], 450 micrograms, intramuscular and/or [[hydromorphone]], 40&nbsp;mg, intramuscular

In the brief for the U.S. courts written by accessories, the State of Ohio implies that they were unable to find any physicians willing to participate in development of protocols for executions by lethal injection, as this would be a violation of medical ethics, such as the [[Declaration of Geneva|Geneva Promise]], and such physicians would be thrown out of the medical community and [[shunning|shunned]] for engaging in such deeds, even if they could not lawfully be stripped of their license.<ref name="New Ohio Poisoning Protocol"/>

On December 8, 2009, [[Kenneth Biros]] became the first person executed using Ohio's new single-drug execution protocol. He was pronounced dead at 11:47&nbsp;am EST, 10 minutes after receiving the injection. On September 10, 2010, [[Washington (state)|Washington]] became the second state to use the single-drug Ohio protocol with the execution of [[Uttecht v. Brown|Cal Coburn Brown]], who was proclaimed dead within two minutes after receiving the single-drug injection of sodium thiopental.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.khq.com/Global/story.asp?S=13130297 |title=Cal Coburn Brown: Dead By Lethal Injection at 12:56 a.m. |date=September 10, 2010 |location=Walla Walla, Washington |publisher=KHQ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112195615/http://www.khq.com/Global/story.asp?S=13130297 |archive-date=January 12, 2012 |df=mdy-all |access-date=December 16, 2018 }}</ref> Seven states ([[Arizona]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Idaho]], [[Missouri]], Ohio, [[South Dakota]], and [[Texas]]) have used the single-drug execution protocol. The state of Washington used this single drug method only once, as it later abandoned the death penalty. Five additional states ([[Arkansas]], [[Kentucky]], [[Louisiana]], [[North Carolina]], and [[Tennessee]]) announced that they would switch to a single-drug protocol but, as of April 2014, had not executed anyone since switching protocols.<ref name="state-lethal-injection">{{cite web |url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-lethal-injection |title=State by State Lethal Injection |publisher=Death Penalty Information Center |access-date=April 25, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403093930/http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-lethal-injection |archive-date=April 3, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

After sodium thiopental began being used in executions, [[Hospira]], the only American company that made the drug, stopped manufacturing it due to its use in executions.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110127/full/news.2011.53.html |title=Death-row drug dilemma  |first=Emma |last=Marris |journal=Nature News |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=March 13, 2011 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302121155/http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110127/full/news.2011.53.html |archive-date=March 2, 2011 |df=mdy-all |doi=10.1038/news.2011.53 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The subsequent nationwide shortage of sodium thiopental led states to seek other drugs to use in executions. Pentobarbital, often used for [[animal euthanasia]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ohio-execution-use-animal-euthanasia-idUSTRE7294DQ20110310 |title=Ohio execution to use animal euthanasia drug  |first=Mary |last=Wisniewski |work=Reuters |access-date=March 13, 2011 |date=March 10, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313083900/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/10/us-ohio-execution-use-animal-euthanasia-idUSTRE7294DQ20110310 |archive-date=March 13, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> was used as part of a three-drug cocktail for the first time on December 16, 2010, when [[John David Duty]] was executed in [[Oklahoma]].<ref name="cnn20101216">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/12/16/oklahoma.execution/ |title=Death row inmate executed using pentobarbital in lethal injection |first=Devina |last=Mims |work=CNN |date=December 16, 2010 |access-date=March 13, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217051527/http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/12/16/oklahoma.execution/ |archive-date=December 17, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> It was then used as the drug in a single-drug execution for the first time on March 10, 2011, when Johnnie Baston was executed in Ohio.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/10/AR2011031006250.html |title=Ohio executes inmate using new, single-drug method for death penalty |first=Rob |last=Steub |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 11, 2011 |publisher=[[Washington Post Company|WPC]] |location=[[Washington, DC]] |issn=0190-8286 |access-date=March 13, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629045217/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/10/AR2011031006250.html |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>