Editing Mahmud II (section)

===Other reforms===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Mahmud II by John Young.jpg
| width1 = 140
| image2 = Mahmud II.jpg
| width2 = 165
| footer = Mahmud II before (left) and after (right) his clothing reform in 1826.
}}

During his reign, Mahmud II also made sweeping reforms of the bureaucracy in order to reestablish royal authority and increase the administrative efficiency of his government. This was accomplished by abolishing old offices, introducing new lines of responsibility, and raised salaries in an attempt to end bribery. In 1838 he founded two institutions aimed towards training government officials. In that same year, Mahmud II established the new reformed [[Ministry of Finance (Ottoman Empire)|Ministry of Finance]] which served as an official ministry of the previous [[defterdar]] position. In 1831, Mahmud II also established an official gazette, ''[[Takvim-i Vekayi]]'' (Calendar of Events). This was the first newspaper to be published in the [[Ottoman Turkish language]] and was required reading for all civil servants.<ref>A history of the Modern Middle East, Cleveland and Bunton p. 72</ref>{{full citation needed|date=March 2017}}

Clothing was also an essential aspect of Mahmud II's reforms. He began by officially adopting the [[Fez (hat)|fez]] for the military after the [[Janissary]] eradication in 1826, which signified a break from the old style of military dress.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Türk Giyim|last=Koçu|pages=113–114}}</ref> On top of this, he ordered civilian officials to also adopt a similar, but plain, fez to distinguish them from the military.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Quataert|first=D.|date=1997|title=Clothing Laws, State, and Society in the Ottoman Empire|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=29|issue=3|pages=413|doi=10.1017/S0020743800064837|s2cid=54626714 }}</ref> He planned for the population to adopt this as well, as he desired a homogeneous look for Ottoman society with an 1829 regulatory law.<ref name=":0" /> Unlike past Sultanic clothing decrees and those of other societies, Mahmud II wanted all levels of government and civilians to look the same. He faced significant resistance to these measures specifically from religious groups, laborers, and military members because of traditional, religious, and practical reasons.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Records of travel in Turkey, Greece, etc|last=Slade|first=Adolphus|year=1854|location=London|pages=194|publisher=William Taylor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Mahmud dönemide Sivas'ta esnaf teşkilâtı ve üretim-tüketim ilişkileri|last=Demiral, II|first=Ömer|year=1989|location=Ankara|pages=81|publisher=Kültür Bakanlığı}}</ref> Mahmud II's portraits also give a valuable insight into his clothing mentality, as he switched to a more European military style and fez after 1826.

On top of these reforms, Mahmud II was also critical in the establishment and flourishing of an Ottoman foreign affairs office. While he built upon [[Selim III]]'s foundational elements of international diplomacy, Mahmud II was the first to create the title of [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire)|Foreign Minister]] and Undersecretary in 1836.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sturmer|date=30 November 1836|title=HHS Turkei|journal=Sturmer's No. 206A-B|volume=v1/65}}</ref> He placed enormous importance on this position and equated salary and rank with the highest military and civilian positions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Findley|first=C.|title=The Foundation of the Ottoman Foreign Ministry.|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=3|issue=4|pages=405}}</ref> Mahmud II also expanded the Language Office and [[Translation Office (Ottoman Empire)|Translation Office]], and by 1833 it began to grow in both size and importance. After the reorganization of these offices, he also resumed Selim's efforts to create a system of permanent diplomatic representation in Europe. In 1834, permanent European embassies were established with the first being in [[Paris]].<ref name=":1" /> Despite the difficulties that came along with these actions, the expansion of diplomacy increased the transmission of ideas that would have a revolutionary effect on the development of bureaucracy and Ottoman society as a whole especially in regards to modernization.