Editing Node of Ranvier (section)

==Formation regulation==

===Paranode regulation via mitochondria accumulation===
[[Mitochondria]] and other membranous organelles are normally enriched in the PNP region of peripheral myelinated axons, especially those large caliber axons.<ref name="Einheber-2006">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S1740925X06000275 |vauthors=Einheber S, Bhat MA, Salzer JL |date=Aug 2006 | title = Disrupted Axo-Glial Junctions Result in Accumulation of Abnormal Mitochondria at Nodes of Ranvier | journal = Neuron Glia Biology | volume = 2 | issue = 3| pages = 165–174 | pmid = 17460780 | pmc = 1855224 }}</ref> The actual physiological role of this accumulation and factors that regulate it are not understood; however, it is known that mitochondria are usually present in areas of the cell that expresses a high energy demand.  In these same regions, they are also understood to contain growth cones, [[synaptic terminals]], and sites of action potential initiation and regeneration, such as the nodes of Ranvier.  In the synaptic terminals, mitochondria produce the ATP needed to mobilize vesicles for neurotransmission.  In the nodes of Ranvier, mitochondria serve as an important role in impulse conduction by producing the ATP that is essential to maintain the activity of energy-demanding ion pumps.  Supporting this fact, about five times more mitochondria are present in the PNP axoplasm of large peripheral axons than in the corresponding internodal regions of these fibers.<ref name="Einheber-2006" />

===Nodal regulation===
====Via αII-Spectrin====
[[Saltatory conduction]] in myelinated axons requires organization of the nodes of Ranvier, whereas voltage-gated sodium channels are highly populated.  Studies show that αII-Spectrin, a component of the cytoskeleton is enriched at the nodes and paranodes at early stages and as the nodes mature, the expression of this molecule disappears.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.071 |vauthors=Voas MG, Lyons DA, Naylor SG, Arana N, Rasband MN, Talbot WS |date=Mar 2007 | title = alphaII-spectrin is essential for assembly of the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons | journal = Current Biology | pmid = 17331725 | volume = 17 | issue = 6| pages = 562–8 |s2cid=14537696 | doi-access = free |bibcode=2007CBio...17..562V }}</ref> It is also proven that αII-Spectrin in the axonal cytoskeleton is absolutely vital for stabilizing sodium channel clusters and organizing the mature node of Ranvier.

====Possible regulation via the recognition molecule OMgp====
It has been shown previously that OMgp (oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein) clusters at nodes of Ranvier and may regulate paranodal architecture, node length and axonal sprouting at nodes.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Huang|first=JK |author2=Phillips, GR |author3=Roth, AD |author4=Pedraza, L |author5=Shan, W |author6=Belkaid, W |author7=Mi, S |author8=Fex-Svenningsen, A |author9=Florens, L |author10=Yates III, JR |author11=Colman, DR |title=Glial membranes at the node of Ranvier prevent neurite outgrowth|journal=Science|year=2005|volume=310|issue=5755 |pages=1813–17|doi= 10.1126/science.1118313 |pmid=16293723|bibcode=2005Sci...310.1813H |s2cid=17410200 |doi-access=free }}</ref>  However, a follow-up study showed that the antibody used previously to identify OMgp at nodes crossreacts with another node-enriched component [[versican]] V2 and that OMgp is not required for the integrity of nodes and paranodes, arguing against the previously reported localization and proposed functions of OMgp at nodes.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chang|first=KJ|author2=Susuki, K |author3=Dours-Zimmermann, MT |author4=Zimmermann, DR |author5= Rasband, MN |title=Oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein does not influence node of Ranvier structure or assembly|journal=J Neurosci|year=2010|volume=30|issue=43|pages=14476–81|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1698-10.2010 |pmid=20980605|pmc=2976578}}</ref>