Editing Non-binary (section)

==History==
{{Further|Third gender#History|Transgender history}}
[[File:Shea Coulee Baking with Bambi May 2021.png|thumb|Drag queen and musician [[Shea Couleé]], who identifies as gay and non-binary and uses "they/them" pronouns offstage<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2014 |title=THE Q LIST Shea Coulee's drag revolution will be televised – Windy City Times News |url=https://www.windycitytimes.com/lgbt/THE-Q-LIST-Shea-Coulees-drag-revolution-will-be-televised/45856.html |access-date=January 11, 2023 |website=Windy City Times |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111042941/https://www.windycitytimes.com/lgbt/THE-Q-LIST-Shea-Coulees-drag-revolution-will-be-televised/45856.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2019 |title=Shea Couleé Opens Up About Embracing Their Non-Binary Identity |url=https://www.them.us/story/shea-coulee-interview |access-date=January 11, 2023 |website=Them |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213100104/https://www.them.us/story/shea-coulee-interview |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:JudithButler2013.jpg|thumb|[[Judith Butler]], an American philosopher, who published ''Gender Trouble'' in 1990 and publicly came out as non-binary in 2019, is a contemporary figure in the non-binary movement.<ref name="McManus">{{Cite web |last=McManus |first=Matthew |date=July 21, 2020 |title=Matt McManus Interviews Judith Butler |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0A1uuD0nm1k |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811092403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0A1uuD0nm1k |archive-date=August 11, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Zero Books]] |at=37:01}}</ref>]]

Non-binary gender, often included within the concept of [[third gender]], has historical roots that extend well before the modern term was established.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Towle |first1=Evan B |last2=Morgan |first2=Lynn Marie |date=2002 |title=Romancing the Transgender Native: Rethinking the Use of the "Third Gender" Concept |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/4/article/12222 |journal=GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=469–497 |doi=10.1215/10642684-8-4-469 |s2cid=143201735 |issn=1527-9375}}</ref> For instance, the [[Public Universal Friend]], who emerged in 1776, was a genderless evangelist who renounced their birth name and gendered pronouns, representing an early instance of non-binary gender expression in America.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wisbey |first=Herbert A. Jr. |orig-year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nu_Kk0mwm00C |title=Pioneer Prophetess: Jemima Wilkinson, the Publick Universal Friend |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8014-7551-1 |pages=7–14 |access-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-date=June 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607163811/https://books.google.com/books?id=nu_Kk0mwm00C |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Moyer |first=Paul B. |title=The Public Universal Friend: Jemima Wilkinson and Religious Enthusiasm in Revolutionary America |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-8014-5413-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/publicuniversalf00moye |pages=12, 18, 100}}</ref><ref name="Schmidt">Samantha Schmidt, ''[https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/01/05/long-before-theythem-pronouns-genderless-prophet-drew-hundreds-followers/ A genderless prophet drew hundreds of followers long before the age of nonbinary pronouns] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231181417/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/01/05/long-before-theythem-pronouns-genderless-prophet-drew-hundreds-followers |date=December 31, 2021 }}'', January 5, 2020, ''[[The Washington Post]]''</ref>

In 1781, Jens Andersson from Norway, assigned female at birth but identifying as male, faced imprisonment and a trial after marrying a woman. When questioned, Andersson stated, "Hand troer at kunde henhøre til begge Deele" ('He believes he belongs to both parts'), indicating a recognition of his dual gender identity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2014 |title=Et besynderligt givtermaal mellem tvende fruentimmer |trans-title=A strange marriage between two women |url=https://skeivtarkiv.no/skeivopedia/et-besynderligt-givtermaal-mellem-tvende-fruentimmer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727113614/https://skeivtarkiv.no/skeivopedia/et-besynderligt-givtermaal-mellem-tvende-fruentimmer |archive-date=July 27, 2021 |access-date=September 7, 2021 |website=Skeivt arkiv |language=no}}</ref>

[[Judith Butler]]'s ''Gender Trouble'', published in 1990, challenged the fixed male/female binary and advocated for a broader understanding of gender as a spectrum, a view Butler has expanded upon since coming out as non-binary in 2019.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butler |first=Judith |title="Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity" |publisher=Routledge |year=1990 |isbn=0415900433 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=149}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Interviews by Kian |date=December 27, 2019 |title=Judith Butler on her Philosophy and Current Events |url=https://interviewsbykian.wordpress.com/2019/12/27/judith-butler-on-her-philosophy-and-current-events |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726182552/https://interviewsbykian.wordpress.com/2019/12/27/judith-butler-on-her-philosophy-and-current-events |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |website=Interviews by Kian}}</ref><ref name="McManus" /><ref name="DerTagesspiegel2020-05-13a2">{{cite news |first=Kathryn |last=Fischer |author-link= |date=July 13, 2020 |trans-title=The Pronoun is free from the Body – but it is not free from Gender |title=Das Pronomen ist frei vom Körper – aber es ist nicht frei vom Geschlecht |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/queerspiegel/gender-und-grammatik-das-pronomen-ist-frei-vom-koerper-aber-es-ist-nicht-frei-vom-geschlecht/25826376.html |access-date=December 24, 2021 |work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |language=de |quote=Welches Pronomen bevorzuge ich? Butler lacht{{nbsp}}... 'Es ist they', sagt Butler{{nbsp}}... Wir haben das Jahr 2020 und Butler outet sich als 'they' – ein wahrhaft historischer Moment. |trans-quote=Which pronoun do I prefer? Butler laughs{{nbsp}}... 'It is they', Butler says{{nbsp}}... It is the year 2020, and Butler outs theirself as 'they' – a truly historic moment. |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327084943/https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/queerspiegel/gender-und-grammatik-das-pronomen-ist-frei-vom-koerper-aber-es-ist-nicht-frei-vom-geschlecht/25826376.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The term "genderqueer" surfaced in the mid-1990s, notably used by activist [[Riki Wilchins]] in the newsletter ''In Your Face'' in 1995, and later in their 1997 autobiography. Wilchins contributed significantly to the discourse, particularly with the 2002 anthology ''GenderQueer: Voices from beyond the Sexual Binary''.<ref>{{Cite book |editor1-first=Joan |editor1-last=Nestle |editor2-first=Clare |editor2-last=Howell |editor3-first=Riki Anne |editor3-last=Wilchins |date=2002 |title=GenderQueer: voices from beyond the sexual binary |edition=First |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Alyson Books |isbn=1-55583-730-1 |oclc=50389309}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilchins |first=Riki Anne |date=Spring 1995 |title=In Your Face No. 1 (Spring 1995) |url=https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/downloads/1831ck00f |website=Digital Transgender Archive |access-date=November 22, 2022 |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217105236/https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/downloads/1831ck00f |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Genderqueer History |url=https://genderqueerid.com/gqhistory |access-date=November 22, 2022 |website=[[Tumblr]] |archive-date=September 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913114840/https://genderqueerid.com/gqhistory |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilchins |first=Riki |year=2017 |title=Burn the Binary! Selected Writings on the Politics of Trans, Genderqueer and Nonbinary |location=Riverdale, NY |publisher=Riverdale Avenue Books |isbn=978-1626014077}}</ref>

[[Jim Sinclair (activist)|Jim Sinclair]], an autism-rights activist and a founder of Autism Network International, publicly embraced a gender-neutral identity in 1997, declaring a physical and social neuter status in an introduction to the [[Intersex Society of North America]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2009 |title=Brief Biography |url=http://web.syr.edu/~jisincla/brief_bio.htm |access-date=November 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207013228/http://web.syr.edu/~jisincla/brief_bio.htm |archive-date=February 7, 2009}}</ref>

In [[Japan]], the expression "[[X-gender]]" ({{Transliteration|ja|x-jendā}}) has been recognized since the late 1990s, describing a non-binary identity, with notable individuals such as manga artists [[Yuhki Kamatani|Yūki Kamatani]] and [[Yuu Watase]] identifying as such.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intersections: An Introduction to X-Jendā: Examining a new gender identity in Japan |url=http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue31/dale.htm |access-date=November 21, 2022 |website=intersections.anu.edu.au |archive-date=May 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507214727/http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue31/dale.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |first=Yuu |last=Watase |author-link=Yuu Watase |user=wataseyuu_ |number=1130461270358908928 |script-title=ja:ブログでもここでも呟いたけど、再度。漫画にも影響してると思うから。私はXジェンダーと医師に診断されてて、中身は、男にも女にも寄れるし男でも女でもない。見た目はちゃんと(20代後半から社会に合わせて)どうせやるならやるでメイクもオシャレもする、それだけ。女性の身体は否定しないが→ |title=Burogu demo koko demo tsubuyaitakedo, saido. Manga ni mo eikyō shi teru to omoukara. Watashi wa X jendā to ishi ni shindan sa re tete, nakami wa, otoko ni mo on'na ni mo yorerushi otoko demo on'na demonai. Mitame wa chanto (20-dai kōhan kara shakai ni awa sete) dōse yarunara yarude meiku mo oshare mo suru, sore dake. Josei no karada wa hitei shinaiga ￫ |trans-title=I muttered it on my blog and here, but again. I think it affects comics too. I've been diagnosed as X-gender by a doctor, and I'm neither male nor female. If you want to look good (in your late 20s and in line with society), do it anyway, make up and be fashionable, that's all. I don't deny the female body, but |language=ja |access-date=November 21, 2022}}</ref>

In 2012, the Intersex & Genderqueer Recognition Project began advocating for more inclusive gender options on official documents, a milestone realized when [[Elisa Rae Shupe]] became the first person in the U.S. to obtain official documents with a non-binary gender marker.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.intersexrecognition.org/about |title=About Us – Intersex & Genderqueer Recognition Project (IGRP) |website=igrp |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404231432/https://www.intersexrecognition.org/about |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Mary Emily|last=O'Hara|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/movement-third-gender-option-exploding-u-s-n696446|title=Movement for third gender option 'exploding' in U.S.|website=[[NBC News]]|date=December 16, 2016|access-date=December 9, 2019|archive-date=October 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018055948/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/movement-third-gender-option-exploding-u-s-n696446|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Alberta]] legislator [[Estefan Cortes-Vargas]] openly identified as non-binary during a 2015 legislative session, marking a significant moment in political recognition of non-binary identities.<ref name="Macleans 2015">[//www.macleans.ca/news/canada/for-the-record-an-alberta-mla-on-battling-gender-identity/ "An Alberta MLA on battling gender identity"]. ''[[Maclean's]]'', December 1, 2015</ref> 

On January 20, 2025, immediately after being sworn in for his second term, [[Donald Trump|President Donald Trump]] signed an [[executive order]] titled "Defending Women from Gender Ideology Extremism and Restoring Biological Truth to the Federal Government". This order established that the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] would recognize only two sexes—[[male]] and [[female]]—defined strictly by [[Biology|biological]] characteristics assigned at birth. It explicitly rejected the concept of gender identity as a basis for legal recognition for non-binary people.