Editing Optical coherence tomography (section)

=== Ophthalmology ===
Ocular (or ophthalmic) OCT is used heavily by [[Ophthalmology|ophthalmologists]] and [[optometrists]] to obtain high-resolution images of the [[retina]] and [[Anterior segment of eyeball|anterior segment]]. Owing to OCT's capability to show cross-sections of tissue layers with micrometer resolution, OCT provides a straightforward method of assessing [[Retina#Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)|cellular organization]], [[photoreceptor integrity line|photoreceptor integrity]],<ref>{{cite web|title=The ABCs of OCT|url=https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/the-abcs-of-oct|website=Review of Optometry}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sherman J | title = Photoreceptor integrity line joins the nerve fiber layer as key to clinical diagnosis | journal = Optometry | volume = 80 | issue = 6 | pages = 277–278 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19465337 | doi = 10.1016/j.optm.2008.12.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Outer Retinal Layers as Predictors of Vision Loss|url=https://www.reviewofophthalmology.com/article/outer-retinal-layers-as-predictors-of-vision-loss|website=Review of Ophthalmology}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cuenca N, Ortuño-Lizarán I, Pinilla I | title = Cellular Characterization of OCT and Outer Retinal Bands Using Specific Immunohistochemistry Markers and Clinical Implications | journal = Ophthalmology | volume = 125 | issue = 3 | pages = 407–422 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29037595 | doi = 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.09.016 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 10045/74474 }}</ref> and [[axon]]al thickness in [[glaucoma]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grewal DS, Tanna AP | title = Diagnosis of glaucoma and detection of glaucoma progression using spectral domain optical coherence tomography | journal = Current Opinion in Ophthalmology | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 150–161 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23328662 | doi = 10.1097/ICU.0b013e32835d9e27 | s2cid = 39039199 }}</ref> [[macular degeneration]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Keane PA, Patel PJ, Liakopoulos S, Heussen FM, Sadda SR, Tufail A | title = Evaluation of age-related macular degeneration with optical coherence tomography | journal = Survey of Ophthalmology | volume = 57 | issue = 5 | pages = 389–414 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22898648 | doi = 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.01.006 }}</ref> [[macular edema|diabetic macular edema]],<ref name="Virgili">{{cite journal | vauthors = Virgili G, Menchini F, Casazza G, Hogg R, Das RR, Wang X, Michelessi M | title = Optical coherence tomography (OCT) for detection of macular oedema in patients with diabetic retinopathy | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 1 | pages = CD008081 | date = January 2015 | issue = 4 | pmid = 25564068 | pmc = 4438571 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008081.pub3 }}</ref> [[multiple sclerosis]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dörr J, Wernecke KD, Bock M, Gaede G, Wuerfel JT, Pfueller CF, Bellmann-Strobl J, Freing A, Brandt AU, Friedemann P | display-authors = 6 | title = Association of retinal and macular damage with brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = e18132 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21494659 | pmc = 3072966 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0018132 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...618132D }} {{Open access}}</ref> optic neuritis,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Petzold A, Fraser CL, Abegg M, Alroughani R, Alshowaeir D, Alvarenga R, Andris C, Asgari N, Barnett Y, Battistella R, Behbehani R, Berger T, Bikbov MM, Biotti D, Biousse V, Boschi A, Brazdil M, Brezhnev A, Calabresi PA, Cordonnier M, Costello F, Cruz FM, Cunha LP, Daoudi S, Deschamps R, de Seze J, Diem R, Etemadifar M, Flores-Rivera J, Fonseca P, Frederiksen J, Frohman E, Frohman T, Tilikete CF, Fujihara K, Gálvez A, Gouider R, Gracia F, Grigoriadis N, Guajardo JM, Habek M, Hawlina M, Martínez-Lapiscina EH, Hooker J, Hor JY, Howlett W, Huang-Link Y, Idrissova Z, Illes Z, Jancic J, Jindahra P, Karussis D, Kerty E, Kim HJ, Lagrèze W, Leocani L, Levin N, Liskova P, Liu Y, Maiga Y, Marignier R, McGuigan C, Meira D, Merle H, Monteiro ML, Moodley A, Moura F, Muñoz S, Mustafa S, Nakashima I, Noval S, Oehninger C, Ogun O, Omoti A, Pandit L, Paul F, Rebolleda G, Reddel S, Rejdak K, Rejdak R, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Rougier MB, Sa MJ, Sanchez-Dalmau B, Saylor D, Shatriah I, Siva A, Stiebel-Kalish H, Szatmary G, Ta L, Tenembaum S, Tran H, Trufanov Y, van Pesch V, Wang AG, Wattjes MP, Willoughby E, Zakaria M, Zvornicanin J, Balcer L, Plant GT | display-authors = 6 | title = Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis | journal = The Lancet. Neurology | volume = 21 | issue = 12 | pages = 1120–1134 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36179757 | doi = 10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00200-9 | s2cid = 252564095 | url = https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10156457/ }}</ref> and other [[eye disease]]s or systemic pathologies which have ocular signs.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Aik Kah T |date=2018|title=CuRRL Syndrome: A Case Series|url=https://actascientific.com/ASOP/pdf/ASOP-01-0016.pdf|journal=Acta Scientific Ophthalmology|volume=1|pages=9–13}}</ref> Additionally, ophthalmologists leverage OCT to assess the vascular health of the retina via a technique called OCT angiography (OCTA).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kashani AH, Chen CL, Gahm JK, Zheng F, Richter GM, Rosenfeld PJ, Shi Y, Wang RK | display-authors = 6 | title = Optical coherence tomography angiography: A comprehensive review of current methods and clinical applications | journal = Progress in Retinal and Eye Research | volume = 60 | pages = 66–100 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28760677 | pmc = 5600872 | doi = 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.07.002 }}</ref> In [[Eye surgery|ophthalmological surgery]], especially retinal surgery, an OCT can be mounted on the microscope. Such a system is called an ''intraoperative OCT'' (iOCT) and provides support during the surgery with clinical benefits.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ehlers JP, Tao YK, Srivastava SK | title = The value of intraoperative optical coherence tomography imaging in vitreoretinal surgery | journal = Current Opinion in Ophthalmology | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 221–227 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24614147 | pmc = 4119822 | doi = 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000044 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pfau M, Michels S, Binder S, Becker MD | title = Clinical Experience With the First Commercially Available Intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography System | journal = Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers & Imaging Retina | volume = 46 | issue = 10 | pages = 1001–1008 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26599241 | doi = 10.3928/23258160-20151027-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Neuhann R, Neuhann T, Hörster R, Cursiefen C, Guell J, Siebelmann S | title = Laser-integrated real-time OCT in anterior segment procedures | journal = Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery | volume = 47 | issue = 12 | pages = e88–e92 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 34393183 | doi = 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000000773 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Polarization-sensitive OCT was recently applied in the human retina to determine optical polarization properties of vessel walls near the optic nerve.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Neuhann R, Neuhann T, Hörster R, Cursiefen C, Guell J, Siebelmann S | title = Laser-integrated real-time OCT in anterior segment procedures | journal = Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery | volume = 47 | issue = 12 | pages = e88–e92 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 34393183 | pmc = 8367251 | doi = 10.1364/BOE.426079 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Retinal imaging with PS-OCT demonstrated how the thickness and birefringence of blood vessel wall tissue of healthy subjects could be quantified, in vivo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Afsharan |first1=Hadi |last2=Hackmann |first2=Michael J. |last3=Wang |first3=Qiang |last4=Navaeipour |first4=Farzaneh |last5=Jayasree |first5=Stephy Vijaya Kumar |last6=Zawadzki |first6=Robert J. |last7=Silva |first7=Dilusha |last8=Joo |first8=Chulmin |last9=Cense |first9=Barry |date=2021-07-01 |title=Polarization properties of retinal blood vessel walls measured with polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography |url=https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-12-7-4340 |journal=Biomedical Optics Express |language=en |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=4340–4362 |doi=10.1364/BOE.426079 |issn=2156-7085 |pmc=8367251 |pmid=34457418}}</ref> PS-OCT was subsequently applied to patients with diabetes and age-matched healthy subjects, and showed an almost 100% increase in vessel wall birefringence due to diabetes, without a significant change in vessel wall thickness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Afsharan |first1=Hadi |last2=Silva |first2=Dilusha |last3=Joo |first3=Chulmin |last4=Cense |first4=Barry |date=August 2023 |title=Non-Invasive Retinal Blood Vessel Wall Measurements with Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography for Diabetes Assessment: A Quantitative Study |journal=Biomolecules |language=en |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=1230 |doi=10.3390/biom13081230 |issn=2218-273X |pmc=10452597 |pmid=37627295 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In patients with hypertension however, the retinal vessel wall thickness increased by 60% while the vessel wall birefringence dropped by 20%, on average.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Afsharan |first1=Hadi |last2=Anilkumar |first2=Vidyalakshmi |last3=Silva |first3=Dilusha |last4=Dwivedi |first4=Girish |last5=Joo |first5=Chulmin |last6=Cense |first6=Barry |date=2024-01-01 |title=Hypertension-associated changes in retinal blood vessel walls measured in vivo with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography |journal=Optics and Lasers in Engineering |volume=172 |pages=107838 |bibcode=2024OptLE.17207838A |doi=10.1016/j.optlaseng.2023.107838 |issn=0143-8166 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The large differences measured in healthy subjects and patients suggest that retinal measurements with PS-OCT could be used as a screening tool for hypertension and diabetes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-20 |title=Basic eye test could diagnose diabetes and hypertension |url=https://www.perthnow.com.au/news/health/basic-eye-test-could-diagnose-diabetes-and-hypertension-c-11962397 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=PerthNow |language=en}}</ref>

OCT can used to measure the thickness of the [[Retinal nerve fiber layer|Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL)]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eyewiki.org/Optic_Nerve_and_Retinal_Nerve_Fiber_Imaging | title=Optic Nerve and Retinal Nerve Fiber Imaging - EyeWiki }}</ref>